A Review of the Literature on the Effects of Low Doses of Alcohol on Driving-Related Skills

Appendix A

Tests Results, by Behavioral Area

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 1 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR DRIVING/PILOTING
Morrow et al.	1990	Flight simulator (severe altitude errors, summary score)	0.001	Yes
Morrow et al.	1993	Flight simulator (severe altitude errors, summary score)	0.002	Yes
Roehrs et al	1994a	Driving simulator (left deviations, right deviations, absolute deviations, points out of range)	0.013	Yes
Morrow et al.	1990	Flight simulator (radio performance, summary score)	0.017	Yes
Louwerens et al.	1987	Driving (standard deviation of lane position, speed variability)	0.024	No
Billings et al.	1991	Flight simulator (serious errors)	0.025	Yes
West et al	1993	Driving (hazard perception)	0.025	Yes
Ross et al.	1992	Flight simulator (instrument departure procedural errors)	0.030	Yes
Willumeit et al.	1984	Driving simulator (composite score)	0.032	No
Ross et al.	1992	Flight simulator (intersection holding errors, basic IFR flight control errors, degree of error in position reports, failure to question clearance, communication errors)	0.033	Yes
Ross et al.	1992	Flight simulator (instrument departure procedural errors)	0.034	Yes
Ross et al.	1992	Flight simulator (intersection holding errors, basic IFR flight control errors, degree of error in position reports, failure to question clearance, communication errors)	0.035	Yes
Gengo et al.	1990	Driving simulator (standard deviation of reaction time)	0.040	Yes
Mongrain	1989	Driving simulator	0.040	Yes
Ross & Mundt	1988	Flight simulator (composite score)	0.040	Yes
Brookhuis & De Waard	1993	Driving (car following, standard deviation of lane position)	0.041	Yes
Morrow et al.	1990	Flight simulator	0.041	Yes
Morrow et al.	1993	Flight simulator (severe altitude errors, summary score)	0.042	Yes
Vermeeren & O'Hanlon	1998	Driving (standard deviation of lane position)	0.045	Yes
Roehrs et al	1994a	Driving simulator (left deviations, right deviations, absolute deviations, points out of range)	0.049	Yes
Willumeit et al.	1984	Driving simulator (composite score)	0.049	No
Smiley et al.	1987	Driving (speed on open road curves, peripheral stimuli detected, and standard deviation of velocity on runway curves)	0.050	Yes
West et al	1993	Driving (hazard perception)	0.050	Yes
Willumeit et al.	1984	Driving simulator (composite score)	0.050	No
Gawron & Ranney	1988	Driving (curve lateral position deviation, straight lateral position deviation, right road departure, curve speed deviation, straight speed deviation, time between same-side departures)	0.053	Yes
Gawron & Ranney	1988	Driving simulator (lateral position, number of times over the speed limit)	0.053	Yes
Allen	1996	Driving simulator (mean response time, throttle activity, curve error, standard deviation of lane position)	0.055	Yes
Morrow et al.	1990	Flight simulator (course performance, radio performance, summary score)	0.056	Yes
Horne & Baumber	1991	Driving simulator (mean following distance, standard deviation of mean following distance)	0.058	Yes
Colburn et al.	1993	Motorcycle simulator (leaving the roadway, total errors)	0.059	Yes
Flanagan et al.	1983	Driving (penalty points)	0.060	Yes
Louwerens et al.	1987	Driving (standard deviation of lane position, speed variability)	0.060	Yes
Horne & Baumber	1991	Driving simulator (mean following distance, standard deviation of mean following distance)	0.064	Yes
Rimm et al.	1982	Driving simulator (braking, steering)	0.064	Yes
McMillen et al.	1989	Driving simulator (lane changes, cars passed, time at maximum speed)	0.070	No
Ranney & Gawron	1986	Driving simulator (number of times over the speed limit)	0.070	Yes
Morrow et al.	1993	Flight simulator (severe altitude errors, summary score)	0.071	Yes
Taylor et al.	1994	Flight simulator (traffic avoidance, cockpit monitoring, landing)	0.077	Yes
Smiley et al.	1987	Driving (speed on open road curves, peripheral stimuli detected, and standard deviation of velocity on runway curves)	0.080	Yes
Taylor et al.	1996	Flying simulator (summary scores)	0.080	Yes
Louwerens et al.	1987	Driving (standard deviation of lane position, speed variability)	0.085	Yes
Colburn et al.	1993	Motorcycle simulator (leaving the roadway, total errors)	0.088	Yes
Morrow et al.	1990	Flight simulator (course performance, radio performance, severe altitude errors, summary score)	0.098	Yes
Morrow et al.	1993	Flight simulator (severe altitude errors, summary score)	0.101	Yes
Yesavage et al.	1994	Flight simulator (composite score)	0.101	Yes
Gawron & Ranney	1988	Driving (curve lateral position, curve lateral position deviation, straight lateral position deviation, left road departure, right road departure, curve speed, curve speed deviation, straight speed deviation, time between same-side departures, time outside lane)	0.103	Yes
Gawron & Ranney	1988	Driving simulator (# of obstacles struck, lateral position, number of times over the speed limit, total heading error, total lateral position errors)	0.103	Yes
Mongrain	1989	Driving simulator	0.120	Yes
Ranney & Gawron	1986	Driving simulator (curve heading error, curve lateral position, fixed curve lateral position, number of obstacles struck, number of times over the speed limit)	0.120	Yes
Louwerens et al.	1987	Driving (standard deviation of lane position, speed variability)	0.122	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 2 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR DIVIDED ATTENTION
Roehrs et al	1994b	Divided attention task	0.008	Yes
Roehrs et al	1994a	Tracking and visual search	0.013	Yes
Millar et al.	1992	Primary tracking and secondary visual reaction time	0.014	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Tracking and visual search	0.020	No
Landauer & Howat	1983	Tracking and peripheral visual search	0.021	Yes
Mattila et al.	1992	Tracking and secondary task	0.026	Yes
Millar et al.	1992	Primary tracking and secondary visual reaction time	0.030	Yes
Mills & Bisgrove	1983a	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.030	No
Mills & Bisgrove	1983b	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.030	Yes
Wilkinson	1995	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.030	Yes
Wilkinson et al.	1989	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.030	Yes
Himdmarch et al.	1991	Compensatory tracking and detection of visual stimuli	0.033	No
Roehrs et al.	1993	Divided attention task	0.035	No
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.036	No
Finnigan et al.	1995	Primary tracking and visual secondary RT task	0.040	No
Krueger	1986	Compensatory tracking, number monitoring and visual perception	0.040	Yes
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.041	No
Marks and MacAvoy	1989	Central and peripheral light monitoring	0.043	Yes
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.047	No
Roehrs et al	1994a	Tracking and visual search	0.049	Yes
Landauer & Howat	1983	Tracking and peripheral visual search	0.050	Yes
Lex et al.	1994	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.050	No
Mattila et al.	1992	Tracking and secondary task	0.050	Yes
Wilkinson	1995	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.050	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Tracking and visual search	0.052	No
Roehrs et al.	1989	Divided attention task	0.055	Yes
Finnigan et al.	1995	Primary tracking and visual secondary RT task	0.056	Yes
Lex et al.	1994	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.060	No
Millar et al.	1992	Primary tracking and secondary visual reaction time	0.060	Yes
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.062	Yes
Finnigan et al.	1995	Primary tracking and visual secondary RT task	0.063	Yes
Himdmarch et al.	1991	Compensatory tracking and detection of visual stimuli	0.066	No
Maylor et al.	1990	Tracking and auditory detection	0.068	Yes
Lex et al.	1994	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.070	No
Wilkinson & Moskowitz	1989	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.070	Yes
Landauer & Howat	1983	Tracking and peripheral visual search	0.073	Yes
Finnigan et al.	1995	Primary tracking and visual secondary RT task	0.075	Yes
Lex et al.	1994	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.075	No
Mattila et al.	1992	Tracking and secondary task	0.076	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Tracking and visual search	0.078	Yes
Krueger	1986	Compensatory tracking, number monitoring and visual perception	0.080	Yes
Lex et al.	1994	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.080	Yes
Wilkinson	1995	Compensatory tracking and visual search task	0.080	Yes
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.089	Yes
Marks and MacAvoy	1989	Central and peripheral light monitoring	0.093	Yes
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.095	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Tracking and visual search	0.100	Yes
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.100	Yes
Himdmarch et al.	1991	Compensatory tracking and detection of visual stimuli	0.104	Yes
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Central and peripheral number monitoring	0.106	Yes
Krueger	1986	Compensatory tracking, number monitoring and visual perception	0.120	Yes
Himdmarch et al.	1991	Compensatory tracking and detection of visual stimuli	0.142	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 3 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR DROWSINESS
Roehrs et al	1994b	Multiple sleep latency test	0.010	Yes
Roehrs et al	1994a	Multiple sleep latency test	0.013	Yes
Roehrs et al.	1989	Multiple sleep latency test	0.020	Yes
Papineau et al.	1998	Multiple sleep latency test	0.021	No
Walsh et al.	1991	Multiple sleep latency test	0.034	Yes
Walsh et al.	1991	Repeated test of sustained Wakefulness	0.034	No
Roehrs et al.	1993	Multiple sleep latency test	0.035	Yes
Roehrs et al	1994b	Multiple sleep latency test	0.040	Yes
Roehrs et al	1994a	Multiple sleep latency test	0.049	Yes
Roehrs et al.	1989	Multiple sleep latency test	0.050	Yes
Papineau et al.	1998	Multiple sleep latency test	0.055	Yes
Roehrs et al	1994b	Multiple sleep latency test	0.060	Yes
Roehrs et al.	1989	Multiple sleep latency test	0.060	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	Domain	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 4 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR VIGILANCE
Gustafson	1986	Auditory RT in a Sustained attention setting	Vigilance	0.021	No
Gustafson	1986	Visual RT in a Sustained attention setting	Vigilance	0.028	No
Rohrbaugh et al.	1987	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.030	Yes
Rohrbaugh et al.	1988	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.030	Yes
Wilkinson	1995	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.030	Yes
Wilkinson & Moskowitz	1989	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.030	Yes
Horne & Gibbons	1991	Auditory Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.034	Yes
Vermeeren & O'Hanlon	1998	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.045	Yes
Jansen et al.	1985	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.054	Yes
Gustafson	1986	Visual RT in a Sustained attention setting	Vigilance	0.059	Yes
Rohrbaugh et al.	1988	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.063	Yes
Rohrbaugh et al.	1987	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.065	Yes
Horne & Gibbons	1991	Auditory Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.066	Yes
Wilkinson & Moskowitz	1989	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.070	Yes
Wilkinson	1995	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.080	Yes
Rohrbaugh et al.	1988	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.086	Yes
Gustafson	1986	Auditory RT in a Sustained attention setting	Vigilance	0.088	Yes
Rohrbaugh et al.	1987	Sustained attention	Vigilance	0.090	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 5 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR TRACKING
Mangold at al.	1996	Pursuit tracking	0.011	No
Mangold at al.	1996	Pursuit tracking	0.014	No
Cohen at al.	1987	Adaptive tracking	0.018	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Tracking	0.020	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Tracking error severity index	0.021	No
Wilkinson & Moskowitz	1989	Critical tracking	0.030	Yes
Mangold at al.	1996	Pursuit tracking	0.036	No
van Steveninck et al.	1993	Adaptive tracking	0.038	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Tracking error severity index	0.040	No
Cohen at al.	1987	Adaptive tracking	0.043	No
Mangold at al.	1996	Pursuit tracking	0.043	No
Cohen at al.	1987	Adaptive tracking	0.044	Yes
Vermeeren & O'Hanlon	1998	Critical tracking	0.045	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Tracking	0.052	No
Fillmore & Vogel-Sprott	1994	Pursuit Rotor Task	0.054	Yes
Fillmore & Vogel-Sprott	1995	Pursuit Rotor Task	0.058	Yes
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Tracking error severity index	0.060	Yes
Maylor et al.	1990	Pursuit tracking	0.068	No
Wilkinson & Moskowitz	1989	Critical tracking	0.070	Yes
Collins et al	1987	Compensatory tracking	0.077	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Tracking	0.078	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Tracking error severity index	0.079	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Tracking	0.100	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 6 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR PERCEPTION
Heishman et al.	1997	Time estimation	0.005	No
MacArthur et al/	1982	Direction judgment	0.020	No
Heishman et al.	1997	Time estimation	0.025	No
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.025	No
Gustafson	1986	Visual search task	0.027	No
Maylor et all.	1987	Visual search task	0.028	No
Post et al.	1996	Visual spatial attention	0.028	No
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.030	No
Willumeit et al	1984	Audio-visual perception	0.032	No
Lapp et al.	1994	Time estimation	0.037	Yes
Mongrain	1989	Signal detection	0.040	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.047	Yes
Willumeit et al	1984	Audio-visual perception	0.049	No
Deery & Love	1996	Traffic hazard perception	0.050	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.050	No
Willumeit et al	1984	Audio-visual perception	0.050	No
Baker	1985	Pattern reproduction following short visual presentation	0.055	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.055	No
Gustafson	1986	Visual search task	0.058	Yes
MacArthur et al.	1982	Direction judgment	0.060	No
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.060	No
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.065	No
Maylor et al.	1990	Auditory detection task	0.068	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.070	No
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.075	No
Lapp et al.	1994	Time estimation	0.078	Yes
Post et al.	1996	Visual spatial attention	0.078	Yes
Heishman et al.	1997	Time estimation	0.080	No
Mongrain	1989	Signal detection	0.080	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.090	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.095	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Anticipation time	0.100	Yes
Mongrain	1989	Signal detection	0.120	Yes
Maylor et all.	1987	Visual search task	0.130	Yes
Mongrain	1989	Signal detection	0.160	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 7 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR VISUAL FUNCTIONS
Nicholson et al.	1994	Contrast sensitivity	0.011	No
Cohen et al.	1987	Eye movements	0.018	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Coordination of extraocular muscles	0.021	No
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity, depth perception	0.025	No
Mattila et al.	1992	Coordination of extraocular muscles	0.026	Yes
Mattila et al.	1992	Nystagmus	0.026	No
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity, depth perception	0.030	No
Ross & Mughni	1995	Flight simulator (detection of angular acceleration)	0.037	Yes
van Steveninck et al.	1993	Smooth pursuit, saccadic peak velocity, saccadic latency, saccadic inaccuracy	0.038	Yes
Katoh	1988	Eye saccadic velocity	0.040	Yes
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Coordination of extraocular muscles	0.040	No
Cohen et al.	1987	Eye movements	0.043	Yes
Nicholson et al.	1994	Contrast sensitivity	0.043	Yes
Hogan & Gilmartin	1985	Amplitude of accomodation, tonic accomodation	0.045	No
Hogan & Gilmartin	1985	Heterophoria (6m), heterophoria (33cm), Accomodative-convergence/accomodation ratio, lateral fusional ability, near point of convergence	0.045	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Depth perception	0.047	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity	0.047	No
Katoh	1988	Eye saccadic velocity	0.048	Yes
Barnes et al.	1985	Eye velocity	0.049	Yes
Mattila et al.	1992	Coordination of extraocular muscles	0.050	Yes
Mattila et al.	1992	Nystagmus	0.050	Yes
Pearson & Timney	1998	Contrast sensitivity	0.050	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Depth perception	0.050	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity	0.050	No
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity, depth perception	0.050	No
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity, depth perception	0.055	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Coordination of extraocular muscles	0.060	No
Pearson & Timney	1998	Contrast sensitivity	0.060	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Depth perception	0.060	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity	0.060	No
Hill & Toffolon	1990	Visual acuity, color vision, stereo vision	0.061	No
Hill & Toffolon	1990	Horizontal visual field, vertical visual field, accomodation, convergence	0.061	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Depth perception	0.065	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity	0.065	No
Katoh	1988	Eye saccadic velocity	0.066	Yes
Reker	1988	Latency of isolated eye	0.066	No
Reker	1988	Velocity of isolated eye, coordinated head-eye movement	0.066	Yes
Hogan & Linfield	1983	Accomodative-convergence/accomodation ratio, near heterophoria, positive fusional ability, accomodation	0.067	No
Hogan & Linfield	1983	Negative fusional ability, distance heterophoria, near point of convergence	0.067	Yes
Pearson & Timney	1998	Contrast sensitivity	0.070	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Depth perception	0.070	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity	0.070	No
Andre	1996	Contrast sensitivity	0.073	Yes
Barnes et al.	1985	Eye displacement gain, eye velocity, vestibulo-ocular response	0.073	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Depth perception	0.075	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity	0.075	No
Leibowitz, et al.	1992	Contrast sensitivity	0.076	Yes
Mattila et al.	1992	Coordination of extraocular muscles	0.076	Yes
Mattila et al.	1992	Nystagmus	0.076	Yes
Barnes	1984	Visual pursuit, vestibular-ocular reflex suppression	0.077	Yes
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Coordination of extraocular muscles	0.079	No
Zulauf et al.	1988	Contrast sensitivity	0.080	Yes
Katoh	1988	Eye saccadic velocity	0.085	Yes
Andre	1994	Contrast sensitivity	0.088	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Depth perception	0.090	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity	0.090	No
Wang et al.	1992	Depth perception	0.095	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity	0.095	No
Pearson & Timney	1998	Contrast sensitivity	0.100	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Depth perception	0.100	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Visual sensitivity	0.100	No
Reker	1988	Latency of isolated eye, velocity of isolated eye, coordinated head-eye movement	0.107	Yes
Hill & Toffolon	1990	Visual acuity, horizontal visual field, vertical visual field, color vision, stereo vision, accomodation, convergence	0.134	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 8 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR COGNITIVE TASKS
Heisman	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.005	No
Heisman	1997	Number recognition	0.005	No
Heisman	1997	Word recall	0.005	No
Mangold et al.	1996	Digit-symbol substitution	0.011	No
Mangold et al.	1996	Digit-symbol substitution	0.014	No
Millar et al.	1992	Auditory short-term memory	0.014	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Card sorting	0.014	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.014	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Letter search	0.014	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Serial addition/subtraction	0.014	No
Millar et al.	1995	Recognition and memory task	0.016	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Color test	0.020	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Digit-symbol substitution	0.020	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Letter recognition	0.020	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Mental arithmetic	0.020	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Spatial orientation	0.020	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Sternberg	0.020	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Sternberg	0.020	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Digit-symbol substitution	0.021	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Symbol copying	0.021	No
Heisman	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.025	No
Heisman	1997	Number recognition	0.025	Yes
Heisman	1997	Word recall	0.025	No
Mattila et al.	1992	Digit-symbol substitution	0.026	No
Hindmarch et al.	1991	Sternberg	0.027	No
Millar et al.	1992	Auditory short-term memory	0.030	No
Wilkinson	1995	Sternberg	0.030	No
Wilkinson	1995	Visual backward masking	0.030	Yes
Roehrs et al.	1993	Digit-symbol substitution	0.035	Yes
Mangold et al.	1996	Digit-symbol substitution	0.036	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Card sorting	0.036	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.036	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Letter search	0.036	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Serial addition/subtraction	0.036	No
Lamb & Robertson	1987	Pattern recognition	0.037	No
Doms et al.	1988	Cross-out groups of four dots	0.038	Yes
Doms et al.	1988	Cross-out letter configuration	0.038	No
Doms et al.	1988	Memory	0.038	Yes
Doms et al.	1988	Symbol marking	0.038	Yes
van Steveninck	1993	Digit-symbol substitution	0.038	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Digit-symbol substitution	0.040	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Symbol copying	0.040	No
Hasenfratz et al.	1993	Digit patterns recognition	0.042	Yes
Mangold et al.	1996	Digit-symbol substitution	0.043	No
Millar et al.	1995	Recognition and memory task	0.043	Yes
de Wit et al.	1987	Digit-symbol substitution	0.046	Yes
Ryan et al.	1996	Item recognition	0.048	Yes
Hartley & Coxon	1984	Reading comprehension	0.049	Yes
Lyvers & Maltzman	1991	Card sorting	0.049	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Digit-symbol substitution	0.050	No
Mattila et al.	1992	Digit-symbol substitution	0.050	Yes
Wilkinson	1995	Sternberg	0.050	No
Wilkinson	1995	Visual backward masking	0.050	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Color test	0.052	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Digit-symbol substitution	0.052	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Letter recognition	0.052	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Mental arithmetic	0.052	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Spatial orientation	0.052	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Sternberg	0.052	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Sternberg	0.052	No
Baker	1985	Digit recall	0.055	No
Baker	1985	Velocity estimation	0.055	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Digit-symbol substitution	0.058	No
Gengo et al.	1990	Digit-symbol substitution	0.060	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Code substitution	0.060	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Grammatical reasoning	0.060	No
Kennedy et al	1993	Mathematical processing	0.060	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Pattern discrimination	0.060	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Spatial orientation	0.060	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Sternberg	0.060	Yes
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Digit-symbol substitution	0.060	Yes
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Symbol copying	0.060	No
Lex et al.	1988	Card rotation	0.060	No
Lex et al.	1988	Sentence completion	0.060	No
Lex et al.	1988	Identification of repetitions of sample digits	0.060	Yes
Millar et al.	1992	Auditory short-term memory	0.060	No
Lamb & Robertson	1987	Pattern recognition	0.061	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Digit-symbol substitution	0.062	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Card sorting	0.062	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.062	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Letter search	0.062	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Serial addition/subtraction	0.062	No
Maylor et al.	1990	Recall	0.064	Yes
Maylor et al.	1990	Reading	0.064	Yes
Fillmore et al.	1998	Digit patterns recognition	0.066	Yes
Hindmarch et al.	1991	Sternberg	0.066	No
Maylor et al.	1989	Letter recognition	0.069	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Digit-symbol substitution	0.070	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Digit-symbol substitution	0.075	Yes
Mattila et al.	1992	Digit-symbol substitution	0.076	Yes
Ryan et al.	1996	Item recognition	0.076	Yes
Collins et al	1987	Mental arithmetic	0.077	No
Collins et al	1987	Pattern recognition	0.077	Yes
Collins et al	1987	Problem solving	0.077	No
Fillmore & Vogel-Sprott	1997	Number patterns recognition	0.077	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Color test	0.078	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Digit-symbol substitution	0.078	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Letter recognition	0.078	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Mental arithmetic	0.078	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Spatial orientation	0.078	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Sternberg	0.078	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Sternberg	0.078	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Digit-symbol substitution	0.079	Yes
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Symbol copying	0.079	Yes
Nelson et al.	1986	Recall, judgment, and recognition	0.079	Yes
Oborne & Rogers	1983	Sternberg	0.079	Yes
Heisman	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.080	Yes
Heisman	1997	Number recognition	0.080	Yes
Heisman	1997	Word recall	0.080	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Digit-symbol substitution	0.080	No
Wilkinson	1995	Sternberg	0.080	No
Wilkinson	1995	Visual backward masking	0.080	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Card sorting	0.096	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.096	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Letter search	0.096	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Serial addition/subtraction	0.096	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Color test	0.100	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Digit-symbol substitution	0.100	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Letter recognition	0.100	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Mental arithmetic	0.100	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Spatial orientation	0.100	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Sternberg	0.100	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Sternberg	0.100	No
Hindmarch et al.	1991	Sternberg	0.104	No
Kennedy et al	1993	Code substitution	0.110	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Grammatical reasoning	0.110	No
Kennedy et al	1993	Mathematical processing	0.110	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Pattern discrimination	0.110	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Spatial orientation	0.110	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Sternberg	0.110	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Card sorting	0.117	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.117	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Letter search	0.117	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Serial addition/subtraction	0.117	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Card sorting	0.139	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.139	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Letter search	0.139	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Serial addition/subtraction	0.139	Yes
Hindmarch et al.	1991	Sternberg	0.142	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Code substitution	0.160	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Grammatical reasoning	0.160	No
Kennedy et al	1993	Mathematical processing	0.160	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Pattern discrimination	0.160	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Spatial orientation	0.160	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Sternberg	0.160	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 9 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR PSYCHOMOTOR SKILLS
Mangold et al.	1996	Body balance	0.011	No
Mangold et al.	1996	Body balance	0.014	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Circular lights	0.014	Yes
Perrine	1994	Diving	0.017	No
Cohen et al.	1987	Body balance	0.018	Yes
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Body balance	0.021	No
Mattila et al.	1992	Body balance	0.026	No
Price & Flax	1982	Drill press operation	0.028	No
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Body sway	0.030	Yes
Mangold et al.	1996	Body balance	0.036	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Circular lights	0.036	Yes
van Steveninck et al.	1993	Body balance	0.038	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Body balance	0.040	No
Mongrain	1989	Simulated raquetball	0.040	No
Perrine	1994	Diving	0.040	Yes
Schuckit	1985	Body sway	0.040	Yes
Cohen et al.	1987	Body balance	0.043	No
Mangold et al.	1996	Body balance	0.043	Yes
Cohen et al.	1987	Body balance	0.044	Yes
Price et al.	1986	Electronics assembly task	0.049	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Body sway	0.050	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Finger tapping, hand steadiness	0.050	No
Mattila et al.	1992	Body balance	0.050	No
Tianwo et al.	1995	Body balance	0.053	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Finger tapping, hand steadiness, body sway	0.058	No
Kennedy et al	1993	Finger tapping	0.060	Yes
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Body balance	0.060	No
Maylor & Rabbitt	1987	Video game	0.061	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Body sway	0.062	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Finger tapping, hand steadiness	0.062	No
Mills & Bisgrove	1983	Body sway	0.062	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Circular lights	0.062	Yes
Price & Flax	1982	Drill press operation	0.062	Yes
Price et al.	1986	Electronics assembly task	0.069	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Body sway	0.070	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Finger tapping, hand steadiness	0.070	No
Perrine	1994	Diving	0.071	Yes
Laberg & Löberg	1989	Hand steadiness and coordination	0.073	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Body sway	0.075	No
Lukas et al.	1989	Finger tapping, hand steadiness	0.075	No
Mattila et al.	1992	Body balance	0.076	Yes
Azcona et al.	1995	Finger tapping	0.078	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Body balance	0.079	No
Lukas et al.	1989	Body sway	0.080	Yes
Lukas et al.	1989	Finger tapping, hand steadiness	0.080	No
Schuckit	1985	Body sway	0.081	Yes
Price & Flax	1982	Drill press operation	0.092	Yes
Price et al.	1986	Electronics assembly task	0.093	Yes
Pickworth et al.	1997	Circular lights	0.096	Yes
Perrine	1994	Diving	0.097	No
Perrine	1994	Diving	0.100	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Finger tapping	0.110	Yes
Pickworth et al	1997	Circular lights	0.117	Yes
Mongrain	1989	Simulated raquetball	0.120	No
Perrine	1994	Diving	0.123	Yes
Pickworth et al	1997	Circular lights	0.139	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Finger tapping	0.160	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 10 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR CHOICE RT
Millar et al.	1992	RT to 1 of 5 circles	0.014	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Report wich of 6 lights turned on and off	0.020	No
MacArthur & Sekuler	1982	Choice RT	0.020	No
MacArthur & Sekuler	1982	Choice RT	0.020	Yes
Hindmarch et al.	1991	Estinguish 1 of 6 lights	0.027	No
Maylor et all.	1987	Choice RT to video characters	0.029	No
Jääskeläinen et al.	1995	RT to auditory stimuli	0.030	No
Millar et al.	1992	RT to 1 or 5 circles	0.030	No
Colrain at al.	1993	RT to presence of vertical check pattern	0.032	Yes
Finnigan et al.	1995	Report changes in 1 of 5 circles	0.040	No
Gengo et al.	1990	Report wich of 6 lights turned on and off	0.040	Yes
Colrain at al.	1993	RT to presence of vertical check pattern	0.043	Yes
Antebi	1982	Choice RT	0.045	Yes
Vermeeren & O'Hanlon	1998	Choice RT with distracting cues	0.045	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Report wich of 6 lights turned on and off	0.052	No
Finnigan et al.	1995	Report changes in 1 of 5 circles	0.056	No
Jääskeläinen et al.	1995	RT to auditory stimuli	0.060	No
Kennedy et al	1993	Four-choice RT	0.060	Yes
MacArthur & Sekuler	1982	Choice RT	0.060	No
MacArthur & Sekuler	1982	Choice RT	0.060	Yes
Millar et al.	1992	RT to 1 or 5 circles	0.060	No
Jääskeläinen et al.	1996	Choice RT with auditory distraction	0.062	Yes
Finnigan et al.	1995	Report changes in 1 of 5 circles	0.063	No
Hindmarch et al.	1991	Estinguish 1 of 6 lights	0.066	Yes
Maylor et al.	1992	2-, 4-, or 8-choice RT	0.067	Yes
Colrain at al.	1993	RT to presence of vertical check pattern	0.068	Yes
Mulvihill et al.	1996	Choice RT with inhibitory control	0.073	Yes
Finnigan et al.	1995	Report changes in 1 of 5 circles	0.075	Yes
Collins et al	1987	RT to onset of one of 5 lights	0.077	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Report wich of 6 lights turned on and off	0.078	Yes
Colrain at al.	1993	RT to presence of vertical check pattern	0.096	Yes
Hindmarch et al	1992	Report wich of 6 lights turned on and off	0.100	Yes
Hindmarch et al.	1991	Estinguish 1 of 6 lights	0.104	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Four-choice RT	0.110	Yes
Maylor et all.	1987	RT to video characters	0.130	Yes
Hindmarch et al.	1991	Estinguish 1 of 6 lights	0.142	Yes
Kennedy et al	1993	Four-choice RT	0.160	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 11 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR SIMPLE RT
Heishman et al.	1997	Simple RT	0.005	No
Cohen et al.	1987	Respond to onset of visual clock	0.018	No
Heishman et al.	1997	Simple RT	0.025	No
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.025	No
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.030	No
Cohen et al.	1987	Respond to onset of visual clock	0.043	Yes
Cohen et al.	1987	Respond to onset of visual clock	0.044	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.047	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.050	No
Baker	1985	RT to auditory or visual stimulus	0.055	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.055	No
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.060	Yes
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.065	No
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.070	No
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.075	Yes
Azcona et al	1995	Respond to single stimulus onset	0.078	Yes
Heishman et al.	1997	Simple RT	0.080	No
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.090	No
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.095	No
Wang et al.	1992	Respond to light onset	0.100	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 12 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR CFF
Millar et al.	1992	Critical flicker fusion	0.014	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Critical flicker fusion	0.020	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Critical flicker fusion	0.021	No
Hindmarch	1991	Critical flicker fusion	0.027	No
Millar et al.	1992	Critical flicker fusion	0.030	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Critical flicker fusion	0.040	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Critical flicker fusion	0.052	No
Jansen et al.	1985	Critical flicker fusion	0.054	No
Baker	1985	Critical flicker fusion	0.055	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Critical flicker fusion	0.060	No
Millar et al.	1992	Critical flicker fusion	0.060	No
Hindmarch	1991	Critical flicker fusion	0.066	No
Azcona et al.	1995	Critical flicker fusion	0.078	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Critical flicker fusion	0.078	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Critical flicker fusion	0.079	No
Hindmarch et al	1992	Critical flicker fusion	0.100	Yes
Hindmarch	1991	Critical flicker fusion	0.104	Yes
Hindmarch	1991	Critical flicker fusion	0.142	Yes

Author	Year	Experimental Task	BAC	Impairment
TABLE A 13 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS FOR AFTEREFFECTS
Cohen at al.	1987	Adaptive tracking	0.000	No
Cohen et al.	1987	Body balance	0.000	No
Cohen et al.	1987	Eye movements	0.000	No
Cohen et al.	1987	Simple visual RT	0.000	No
Kennedy et al	1993	Delta	0.000	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Body balance	0.000	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Coordination of extraocular muscles	0.000	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Critical flicker fusion	0.000	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Digit-symbol substitution	0.000	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Symbol copying	0.000	No
Kuitunen et al.	1990	Tracking error severity index	0.000	No
Morrow et al.	1990	Flight simulator (severe altitude errors, summary score)	0.000	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Card sorting	0.000	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Circular lights	0.000	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Digit-symbol substitution	0.000	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Letter search	0.000	No
Pickworth et al.	1997	Serial addition/subtraction	0.000	No
Roehrs et al	1994b	Divided attention task	0.000	No
Roehrs et al	1994b	MSLT	0.000	Yes
Roehrs et al.	1989	MSLT	0.000	Yes
Ross & Mughni	1995	Detection of angular motion	0.000	Yes
Taylor et al.	1994	Flight simulator	0.000	Yes
Taylor et al.	1996	Flight simulator	0.000	No
Yesavage et al.	1986	Flight simulator	0.000	Yes
Yesavage et al.	1994	Flight simulator	0.000	Yes

Top | NEXT | PREVIOUS | TABLE OF CONTENTS |