References

CITED ARTICLES

Albery, IP and Guppy, A. (1995). Drivers' differential perceptions of legal and safe driving consumption. Addiction 90(2): 245-254.

American Bar Association. (1986). Drunk driving laws and enforcement: An assessment of effectiveness. Washington, DC: American Bar Association.

Apsler, R; Harding, WM; and Klein, TM. (1999). The effects of 0.08 laws. DOT HS 808 892. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .

Arstein-Kerslake, GW and Peck, RC. (1985). Typological analysis of California DUI (driving under the influence) offenders and DUI recidivism correlates. Sacramento: California State Department of Motor Vehicles.

Bailey, JPM and Bailey, ML. (2000). Factors other than alcohol in fatal drink driving accidents. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Balmforth, D. (1998). National survey of drinking and driving, attitudes and behavior: 1997. DOT HS 808 844. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Beirness, DJ; Simpson, HM; and Mayhew, DR. (1997). Evaluation of administrative licence suspension and vehicle impoundment programs in Manitoba. Ottawa, Ontario: Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Department.

Bergman, H; Hubicka, B; Laurell, H; and Schlyter. (2000). BAC level and alcohol problems among drivers suspected of DUI. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Blomberg, RD. (1992). Lower BAC limits for youth: evaluation of the Maryland .02 law. DOT HS 807 859. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Blomberg, RD and Cleven, AM. (2000). Development, implementation and evaluation of a countermeasure program for alcohol-involved pedestrian accidents. DOT HS 809 067. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Blomberg, RD; Preusser, DF; Hale, A; and Ulmer, RG. (1979). A comparison of alcohol involvement in pedestrians and pedestrian casualties. DOT HS 805 249. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Bode, C and Bode, JC. (1997). Alcohol absorption, metabolism and production in the gastrointestinal tract. Alcohol Health and Research World 21(1): 82-83.

Bodi, A; O'Connor, RE; and King, MJ. (1986). Laboratory and field testing of a drunk driving warning system. Victoria, Australia: Road Traffic Authority.

Borkenstein, R; Crowther, R; Shumate, R; Ziel, W; and Zylman. (1964). The role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents. Bloomington, Indiana: Department of Police Administration, Indiana University.

Bornewasser, M and Glitsch, E. (2000). Analyzing the decision making process of drunk drivers before driving. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Borsari, B and Carey, KB. (2000). Effects of a brief motivational intervention with college student drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68(4): 728-733.

Broughton, EA. (1997). Impact of informational methods among drinking college students applying the Health Belief Model. Dissertation Abstracts International 57(9): 3839-A-3840-A.

Brown-Pearson, AD. (2000). Analysis of alcohol self-reported use and abuse patterns in an Hispanic serving institution from 1991 to 1997. Dissertation Abstracts International 60(9): 3286-A.

Burns, M and Fiorentino, D. (2000). Ratings of intoxication and driving impairment, by gender and drinking category. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Burns, MM. (1999). Identification of alcohol impairment outside the vehicle: Field sobriety tests. In: Issues and methods in the detection of alcohol and other drugs. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.

Caetano, R and Clark, CL. (1998). Trends in alcohol consumption patterns among Whites, Blacks and Hispanics: 1984 and 1995. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59(6): 659-668.

Campbell, DT and Stanley, JC. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Campos-Outcalt, D; Prybylski, D; Watkins, AJ; Rothfus, G; and Dellapenna, A. (1997). Motor-vehicle crash fatalities among American Indians and non-Indians in Arizona, 1979 through 1988. American Journal of Public Health 87(2): 282-285.

Caudill, BD; Harding, WM; and Moore, BA. (2001). DWI prevention profiles of drinkers who use designated drivers. Addictive Behaviors 26(2): 155-166.

Centers for Disease Control. (2001). Evidence of effectiveness 0f 0.08% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) laws : Findings from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control.

Chang, I; Lapham, SC; and Barton, KJ. (1996). Drinking environment and sociodemographic factors among DWI offenders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57(6): 659-669.

Clements, R. (1999). Prevalence of alcohol-use disorders and alcohol-related problems in a college student sample. Journal of American College Health 48(3): 111-118.

Coben, JH and Larkin, G. (1999). Effectiveness of ignition interlock devices in reducing drunk driving recidivism. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 16(1S): 81-87.

Cochrane, JJ; Goering, P; and Lancee, W. (1992). Gender differences in the manifestations of problem drinking in a community sample. Journal of Substance Abuse 4(3): 247-254.

Cook, PJ. (1981). The effect of liquor taxes on drinking, cirrhosis, and auto accidents. In: Moore, MH and Gerstein, DR. Alcohol and public policy: Beyond the shadow of prohibition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Corrao, G; Bagnardi, V; Zambon, A; and Arico, S. (1999). Exploring the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions: A meta-analysis. Addiction 94(10): 1551-1573.

Cowles, EL; Castellano, TC; and Gransky, LA. (1995). "Boot Camp" drug treatment and aftercare interventions: An evaluation review. NCJ 155062. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Criqui, MH. (1997). Alcohol and coronary heart disease risk: Implications for public policy. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58(5): 453-454.

Crosby, IB. (1995). Portland's asset forfeiture program: the effectiveness ofvehicle seizure in reducing rearrest among "problem" drunk drivers. Portland, OR: Reed College / Portland Police Bureau.

Dawson, DA. (2000). Alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence, and all-cause mortality. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24(1): 72-81.

DeBakey, SF; Stinson, FS; Grant, BF; and Dufour, MC. (1995). Liver cirrhosis mortality in the United States, 1970-92: Surveillance Report #37. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

Dee, TS. (1999). State alcohol policies, teen drinking and traffic fatalities. Journal of Public Health Economics 72(2): 289-315.

Dee, TS. (2001). Does setting limits save lives? The case of 0.08 BAC laws. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20(1): 111-128.

DeJong, W and Winsten, JA. (1999). Use of designated drivers by US college students: A national study. Journal of American College Health 47(4): 151-156.

Deveaux, M and Gosset, D. (2000). Testing for ethanol in alternate specimens. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

DeYoung, DJ. (1997a). An evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol treatment, driver license actions and jail terms in reducing drunk driving recidivism in California. Addiction 92(8): 989-997.

DeYoung, DJ. (1997b). An evaluation of the specific deterrent effect of vehicle impoundment on suspended, revoked and unlicensed drivers in California. Sacramento: Research and Development Branch, Licensing Operations Division, California Department of Motor Vehicles.

DeYoung, DJ. (2000). An evaluation of the general deterrent effect of vehicle impoundment on suspended and revoked drivers in California. DOT HS 809 036. Sacramento: Research and Development Branch, California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Dietrich, JJ and Frost, J. (1999). Horizontal gaze nystagmus: the science & the law. A resource guide for judges, prosecutors, and law enforcement. DOT HS 808 938. Washington, DC.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Dischinger, PC and Cowley, RA. (1989). Alcohol use among victims of vehicular crashes admitted to level I trauma center. In: Proceedings of the 33th Annual Meeting, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Baltimore, MD, October 1989. American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Dowdall, GW; Crawford, M; and Wechsler, H. (1998). Binge drinking among American college women: A comparison of single-sex and coeducational institutions. Psychology of Women Quarterly 22(3): 705-714.

Erenberg, DF and Hacker, GA. (1997). Last call for high-risk bar promotions that target college students. Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI).

Evans, WN; Neville, D; and Graham, JD. (1991). General deterrence of drunk driving: evaluation of recent American policies. Risk Analysis 11(2): 279-289.

Farmer, CM; Wells, JK; Ferguson, SA; and Voas, RB. (1999). Field evaluation of the PAS III passive alcohol sensor. Crash Prevention and Injury Control 1(1): 55-61.

Fell, JC and Nash, CE. (1989). The nature of the alcohol problem in U.S. fatal crashes. Health Education Quarterly 16(3): 335-343.

Ferrara, SD; Zancaner, S; and Georgetti, R. (1994). Low blood alcohol levels and driving impairment. A review of experimental studies and international legislation. International Journal of Legal Medicine 106: 169-177.

Finn, P. (1996). Substance-free residence halls: The promise and the practice. Journal of American College Health 45(2): 51-58.

Flagstad-Kramer, LL. (1997). Characteristics and dimensions of alcohol education on college campuses: A qualitative study. Dissertation Abstracts International 58(4): 1159-A-1160-A.

Flores, AL; Spicer, A; and Frank, JF. (1992). Laboratory testing of a saliva-alcohol test device by Enzymatics Inc. DOT HS 807 893. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Foss, RD; Beirness, DJ; Tolbert, WG; Wells, JK; and Williams, AF. (1997). Effect of an intensive sobriety checkpoint program on drinking-driving in North Carolina. In: 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. September 21-26. Annecy, France. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Foss, RD; Stewart, JR; and Reinfurt, DW. (1998). Evaluation of North Carolina's 0.08% BAC law. DOT HS 808 893. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Friel, PN; Baer, JS; and Logan, BK. (1995). Variability of ethanol absorption and breath concentration during a large-scale alcohol administration study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19(4): 1055-1060.

Fromme, K and D'Amico, EJ. (1999). Neurobiological bases of alcohol's psychological effects. In: K.E. Leonard and H.T. Blane. Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism, Second Edition. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 422-455.

Gentilello, LM; Rivara, FP; Donovan, DM; Jurkovich, GJ; Daranciang, E; Dunn, CW; Villaveces, A; Copass, M; and Ries, RR. (1999). Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of injury recurrence. Annals of Surgery 230(4): 473-80; discussion 480-3.

Gordon, JE. (1949). The epidemiology of accidents. American Journal of Public Health 39: 504-515.

Grant, BF. (1994). Alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence: The United States as an example. Addiction 89(11): 1357-1365.

Greenfield, TK and Rogers, JD. (1999). Alcoholic beverage choice, risk perception and self-reported drunk driving: Effects of measurement on risk analysis. Addiction 94(11): 1735-1743.

Griffin III, L; Powers, B; and Mullen, C. (1975). Impediments to the evaluation of highway safety programs . Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.

Gruenewald, PJ; Johnson, FW; Millar, A; and Mitchell, PR. (2000). Drinking and Driving: Explaining Beverage-Specific Risks. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61(4): 515-523.

Guppy, A; Clay, D; and Albery, I. (2000). Risk perception and risk-taking in relation to drink-driving frequency. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Haddon, W. (1968). The changing approach to the epidemiology, prevention, and ameliorization of trauma: The transition to approaches etiologically rather than descriptively based. American Journal of Public Health 58: 1431-1438.

Haines, M and Spear, SF. (1996). Changing the perception of the norm: A strategy to decrease binge drinking among college students. Journal of American College Health 45(3): 134-140.

Haines, MP. (1996). Social norms approach to preventing binge drinking at colleges and universities. Newton, MA: Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention.

Hall, W and O'Day, J. (1971). Causal chain approaches to the evaluation of highway safety countermeasures. Journal of Safety Research 3(1)

Hanna, EZ; Chou, SP; and Grant, BF. (1997). Relationship between drinking and heart disease morbidity in the United States: Results from the National Health Interview Survey. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 21(1): 111-118.

Hansen, AR; Popkin, CL; Campbell, BJ; Burton, JH; and Waller, PF. (1991). Comparison of police and physician judgments of injury severity and inebriation in motor vehicle crash victims. In: Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Des Plaines, IL, 1991. pp 249-260. American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Harding, WM; Apsler, R; and and Goldfein, J. (1988). The assessment of ride service programs as an alcohol countermeasure. Final report. DOT HS 807 290. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Hart, CL; Smith, GD; Hole, DJ; and Hawthorne, VM. (1999). Alcohol consumption and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease, and stroke: Results from a prospective cohort study of Scottish men with 21 years of follow up. British Medical Journal 318(7200): 1725-1729.

Haworth, N and Bowland, L. (1995). Estimation of benefit-cost ratios for coin-operated breath testing. Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Centre.

Haworth, N; Bowland, L; Vulcan, P; and Finch, C. (1997). Pilot study of promotion of public breath testing. Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Centre .

Haworth, NL. (2000). Alcohol in motorcycle crashes. 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. 22-26 Sept, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden.

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; Howland, J; and Winter, M. (1991). Reduced BAC limits for young people (impact on night fatal crashes). Alcohol, Drugs and Driving 7(2): 117-127.

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; Jamanka, A; and Howland, J. (2001). Age of drinking onset and unintentional injury involvement after drinking. DOT HS 809 189. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; Levenson, S; Jamanka, A; and Voas, R. (2001). Age of drinking onset, driving after drinking, and involvement in alcohol related motor vehicle crashes. DOT HS 809 188. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; and Winter, M. (1994). Lower blood alcohol limits for young drivers. Public Health Reports 109(6): 738-744.

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; and Winter, M. (1996). Lowering state legal blood alcohol limits to .08%: the effect on fatal motor vehicle crashes. American Journal of Public Health 86(9): 1297-1299.

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; and Winter, M. (1998). Effects of Maine's 0.05% legal blood alcohol level for drivers with DWI convictions. Public Health Reports 113(5): 440-446.

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; and Winter, M. (2000). Effects of recent 0.08% legal blood alcohol limits on fatal crash involvement. Injury Prevention 6: 109-114.

Holder, HD. (2000). Community prevention of alcohol problems. Addictive Behaviors 25(6): 843-859.

Holder, HD; Gruenewald, PJ; Ponicki, WR; Treno, AJ; Grube, JW; Salz, RF; Voas, RB; Reynolds, R; Davis, J; Sanchez, L; Gaumont, G; and Roeper, P. (2000). Effect of community-based interventions on high-risk drinking and alcohol-related injuries. Journal of the American Medical Association 284(18): 2341-2347.

Holder, HD; Janes, K; Mosher, J; Saltz, R; Spurr, S; and Wagenaar, AC. (1992). Alcoholic beverage server liability and the reduction of alcohol-involved problems. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 54(1): 23-36.

Holder, HD and Wagenaar, AC. (1994). Mandated server training and reduced alcohol-involved traffic crashes: A time series analysis of the Oregon experience. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26(1): 89-97.

Holubowycz, OT. (1995). Age, sex, and blood alcohol concentration of killed and injured pedestrians. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(3): 417-422.

Holubowycz, OT and McLean, AJ. (1995). Demographic characteristics, drinking patterns and drink-driving behavior of injured male drivers and motorcycle riders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 56(5): 513-521.

Hoy, TC. (1996). Development, implementation, and evaluation of a peer education training program for proactive drug prevention at San Antonio College. Dissertation Abstracts International 56(9): 3425-A.

Hurst, PM; Harte, D; and Frith, WJ. (1994). The Grand Rapids Dip revisited. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26(5): 647-654.

Hutchinson, P. (2000). Is there a common drinking pattern of convicted drink drivers? In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Ivy, K. (1999). Prevention of alcohol misuse and related violence for college students. Dissertation Abstracts International 59(8): 2874-A.

Jacobson, GR. (1989). Identification of problem drinkers and alcoholics. (Chapter 9). In: Watson, RR. Diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Johnson, D and Fell, J. (1995). The impact of lowering the illiegal BAC limit to .08 in five states in the U.S. In: Proceedings for the 39th Annual Conference. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. October, 1995. Chicago, Illinois.

Johnson, P; Levy, P; and Voas, R. (1976). A critique of the paper "Statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol safety action". Accident Analysis and Prevention 8: 67-77.

Joksch, HC. (1989). The relation between alcohol-related fatal accidents and per capita alcohol consumption in Ontario: comments on a paper by Mann and Anglin. Accident Analysis and Prevention 21: 381-385.

Joksch, HC. (1991). Are traffic deaths in Ireland related to alcohol consumption: Restudying a time series model. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23(5): 437-442.

Jones, AW. (1999). Drunkest drinking driver in Sweden: Blood alcohol concentration 0.545 percent w/v. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60(3): 400-406.

Jones, AW. (2000). Fifty years on - looking back at developments in methods of blood- and breath-alcohol analysis. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Jones, AW and Anderson, L. (1996). Varability of blood/breath alcohol ratio in drinking drivers. Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(6): 916-921.

Jones, RK; Joksch, HC; Lacey, JH; Wiliszowski, CH; and Marchetti, LM. (1995). Summary report: Field test of combined speed, alcohol, and safety belt strategies. DOT HS 808 242. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK and Joscelyn, KB. (1978). Alcohol and highway safety 1978: A review of the state of knowledge. DOT HS 803 714. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK and Lacey, JH. (1989). Alcohol and highway safety 1989: A review of the state of knowledge. DOT HS 807 557. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK and Lacey, JH. (1991a). Review of the literature evaluating the effect of countermeasures to reduce alcohol impaired driving (1980-1989) Volume I. DOT HS 808 023. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK and Lacey, JH. (1991b). Review of the literature evaluating the effect of countermeasures to reduce alcohol impaired driving (1980-1989). Volume II. DOT HS 808 023. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK and Lacey, JH. (1998a). Alcohol highway safety: problem update. DOT HS 808 743. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK and Lacey, JH. (1998b). Evaluation of an individualized sanctioning program for DWI offenders. DOT HS 808 842. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK and Lacey, JH. (2000). State of knowledge of alcohol-impaired driving: research on repeat DWI offenders. DOT HS 809 027. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK; Wiliszowski, C; and Lacey, JH. (1996). Evaluation of alternative programs for repeat DWI offenders. DOT HS 808 493. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones-Webb, R; Toomey, TL; Short, B; Murray, DM; Wagenaar, A; and Wolfson, M. (1997). Relationships among alcohol availability, drinking location, alcohol consumption, and drinking problems in adolescents. Substance Use and Misuse 32(10): 1261-1285.

Joscelyn, KB and Jones, RK. (1981). Managing the traffic crash risk. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, Highway Safety Research Institute.

Keeling, RP. (2000). Political, social, and public health problems of binge drinking in college. Journal of American College Health 48: 195-198.

Keim, ME; Bartfield, JM; and Raccio-Robak, N. (1996). Blood ethanol estimation: A comparison of three methods. Academic Emergency Medicine 3(1): 85-87.

Kerber, L and Wallisch, L. (1999). 1997 Texas survey of substance use among university students. Austin, TX: Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse.

Kernochan, LE and Yee, HF. (1999). Societal changes could also be to blame. Western Journal of Medicine 17(2): 88.

Kiesow, LA; Simons, CT; and Long, WB. (1993). Quantitative determination and comparison of ethanol in saliva samples of unknown volumes with blood ethanol levels in human test subjects following ethanol ingestion. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 694(Sep): 293-295.

Klein, TM. (1986). A method for estimating posterior BAC distributions for persons involved in fatal traffic accidents. DOT HS 807 094. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lacey, JH and Jones, RK. (2000). Evaluation of New Mexico's anti-DWI efforts. DOT HS 809 024. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lacey, JH; Jones, RK; and Anderson, EW. (2000). Evaluation of a full-time ride service program: Aspen, Colorado's tipsy taxi service. DOT HS 809 155. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lacey, JH; Jones, RK; and Smith, RL. (1999). An evaluation of Checkpoint Tennessee: Tennessee's statewide sobriety checkpoint program. DOT HS 808 841. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lacey, JH; Jones, RK; and Wiliszowski, CH. (1999). Validation of problem drinking screening instruments for DWI offenders. DOT HS 808 881. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lacey, JH; Jones, RK; and Wiliszowski, CH. (2000). Zero tolerance laws for youth: Four states' experience. DOT HS 809 053. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lacey, JH; Stewart, JM; Marchetti, LM; and Jones, RK. (1990). An assessment of the effects of implementing and publicizing administrative license suspension for DWI in Nevada. DOT HS 807 600. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lacey, JH; Wiliszowski , CH; and Jones, RK. (In Press). An impact evaluation of underage drinking prevention projects. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lang, E and Stockwell, T. (1991). Drinking locations of drink-drivers: a comparative analysis of accident and nonaccident cases. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23(6): 573-584.

Lange, JE; Baker, TK; and Johnson, M. (2000). Experimental testing of designated drivers cues. DOT HS 809 178. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Langworthy, RH and Latessa, EJ. (1993). Treatment of chronic drunk-drivers - the Turning Point project. Journal of Criminal Justice 21(3): 265-276.

Langworthy, RH and Latessa, EJ. (1996). Treatment of chronic drunk-drivers: a four-year follow-up of the Turning Point Project. Journal of Criminal Justice 24(3): 273-281.

Lapham, SC; Chang, I; Skipper, BJ; and Berger, L. (2000). Blood alcohol concentrations at arrest and the subsequent diagnosis of alcohol dependence. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Lapham, SC; Skipper, BJ; Chang, I; Barton, K; and Kennedy, R. (1998). Factors related to miles driven between drinking and arrest locations among convicted drunk drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(2): 201-206.

Leaf, WA and Preusser, DF. (1997). Identification of alcohol-pedestrian crash problems among selected racial/ethnic groups. DOT HS 808 641. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lenne, MG; Triggs, TJ; and Redman, JR. (1999). Alcohol, time of day, and driving experience: Effects on simulated driving performance and subjective mood. Transportation Human Factors 1(4): 331-346.

Lewis, NO; Lapham, SC; and Skipper, BJ. (1998). Drive-up liquor windows and convicted drunk drivers: A comparitive analysis of place of purchase. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(6): 763-772.

Li, G and Baker, SP. (1994). Alcohol in fatally injured bicyclists. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26: 543-548.

Li, G; Baker, SP; Sterling, S; Smialek, J; Dischinger, PC; and Soderstrom, CA. (1996). A comparative analysis of alcohol in fatal and nonfatal bicycling injuries. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 20(9): 1553-1559.

Love, RL. (1998). Testing the constructs of the resiliency model in a non-random sample of college students: Effects on quantity and frequency of alcohol use and consequences experienced due to alcohol use. Dissertation Abstracts International 58(7): 2554-A.

Lucker, GW and Gold, JD. (1995). The diagnostic value of BAC for identifying alcohol-related problems among DWI offenders: another look. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 21(4): 573-580.

Lund, AK and Wolfe, AC. (1989). Changes in the incidence of alcohol-impaired driving in the United States, 1973-1986. Washington, DC: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

MacMahon, B and Pugh, TF. (1970). Epidemiology, principles and methods. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Manning, WG; Blumberg, L; and Moulton, LH. (1995). The demand for alcohol: the differential response to price. Journal of Health Economics 14(2): 123-48.

Marowitz, LA. (1998). Predicting recidivism. Blood alcohol concentration and driver record factors. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(4): 545-554.

Mast, BD; Benson, BL; and Rasmussen, DW. (1999). Beer taxation and alcohol-related traffic fatalities . Southern Economic Journal 66(2): 214-249.

McArthur, DL and Kraus, J. (1999). The specific deterrence of administrative per se laws in reducing drunk driving recidivism. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 16(1S): 68-75.

McCain, J; Hollings, EF; Shuster, B; and Oberstar, JL. (1999). Highway safety: Effectiveness of state .08 blood alcohol laws. Washington DC: United States General Accounting Office.

McKnight, AJ. (1987). Development and field test of a responsible alcohol service program. Volume I: Research findings. DOT HS 807 221. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

McKnight, AJ. (1991). Factors influencing the effectiveness of server-intervention education. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52(5): 389-397.

McLeod, R; Stockwell, T; Stevens, M; and Phillips, M. (1999). Relationship between alcohol consumption patterns and injury. Addiction 94(11): 1719-1734.

Meier, SE; Brigham, TA; and Gilbert, BJ. (1998). Analyzing methods for increasing designated driving. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community 17(1): 1-14.

Midanik, LT and Clark, WB. (1994). Demographic distribution of US drinking patterns in 1990: Description and trends from 1984. American Journal of Public Health 84(8): 1218-1222.

Midanik, LT and Clark, WB. (1995). Drinking-related problems in the United States: Description and trends, 1984-1990. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 56(4): 395-402.

Miles-Doan, R. (1996). Alcohol use among pedestrians and the odds of surviving an injury: evidence from Florida law enforcement data. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28(1): 23-31.

Mitchell, MC. (1985). Alcohol-induced impairment of central nervous system function: behavioral skills involved in driving. Journal of Studies on Alcohol Suppl.(10): 109-116.

Mitka, M. (1998). Persuading youths that hops ain't hip. Journal of the American Medical Association 280(6): 499-500.

Molof, MJ; Dresser, J; Ungerleider, S; Kimball, C; and Schaefer, J. (1995). Assessment of year-round and holiday ride service programs. DOT HS 808 203. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Moskowitz, H; Burns, M; and Ferguson, S. (1999). Police officers detection of breath odors from alcohol ingestion. Accident Analysis and Prevention 31: 175-180.

Moskowitz, H and Fiorentino, D. (2000). A review of the scientific literature regarding the effects of alcohol on driving-related behavior at blood alcohol concentrations of 80 mg/dl and lower. HS 809 028. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Moskowitz, H and Robinson, C. (1988). Effects of low doses of alcohol on driving related skills: A review of the evidence. DOT HS 807 280. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Musty, RE and Perrine, MW. (1990). Driving, drinking and drug use: students and the 21-year-old drinking age. In: Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the National Safety Council. Chicago, IL, 1990. pp 500-506. National Safety Council.

Nathan, P. (1991). Substance use disorders in the DSM-IV. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100(3): 356-361.

Nephew, TM; Williams, GD; Stinson, FS; Nguyen, K; and Dufour, MC. (1999). Apparent per capita national alcohol consumption: national, state, and regional trends, 1977-97. Surveillance Report #51. Washington, DC: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

Neustrom, MW and Norton, WM. (1993). The impact of drunk driving legislation in Louisiana. Journal of Safety Research 24(2): 107-121.

Newman, IM; Anderson, CS; and Farrell, KA. (1992). Role rehearsal and effiacy: Two 15-month evaluations of a ninth grade alcohol education program. Journal of Drug Education 22: 55-67.

Oates, JFJ. (1976). Study of self test devices. DOT HS 803 400. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Olkkonen, S. (1993). Health disorders, alcohol and ageing in fatal bicycle injuries. Journal of Traffic Medicine 21(1): 29-37.

Panel on Alternative Strategies Affecting the Prevention of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (1981). Report of the panel. In: Moore, MH and Gerstein, DR. Alcohol and public policy: Beyond the shadow of prohibition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Patrick, K; Covin, JR; Fulop, M; Calfas, K; and Lovato, C. (1997). Health risk behaviors among California college students. Journal of American College Health 45(6): 265-272.

Pearson, TA. (1997). AHA Science Advisory: Alcohol and heart disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65(5): 1567-1569.

Peck, RC; Arstein-Kerslake, GW; and Helander, CJ. (1994). Psychometric and biographical correlates of drunk-driving recidivism and treatment program compliance. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 55(6): 667-678.

Peck, RC and Helander, CJ. (1999). Repeat DUI offenders - an analysis of research needs and countermeasure development strategies. In: August 19-20, 1999. Irvine, California. Sacramento, California: California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Perrine, MW; Naud, S; and von Eye, A. (2000). Intoxication while driving: Two years of daily self-rating relative to reported alcohol consumption. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Perrine, MW; Peck, RC; and Fell, JC. (1989). Epidemiologic perspectives on drunk driving. U.S. Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving. December 14-18, 1988. Washington, DC.

Preusser, DF; Williams, AF; and Ulmer, RG. (1995). Analysis of fatal motorcycle crashes: crash typing. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(6): 845-851.

Prince, PE. (1999). Binge drinking among college students. Dissertation Abstracts International 60(2): 349-A-350-A.

Puddey, IB; Beilin, LJ; and Rakic, V. (1997). Alcohol, hypertension and the cardiovascular system: A critical appraisal. Addiction Biology 2(2): 159-170.

Raimondo, DJ. (1998). Designated driver program on an American college campus: A study of alcohol behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International 59(5): 1488-A.

Research and Evaluation Associates. (1991). The effects following the implementation of an 0.08 BAC limit and an administrative per se law in California. DOT HS 807 777. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Riordan, BG and Dana, RQ. (1998). Greek letter organizations and alcohol: Problems, policies, and programs. New Directions for Student Services 81: 49-59.

Rivara, FP; Dunn, P; and Simpson, E. (2000). Addressing alcohol-impaired driving: Training physicians to detect and counsel their patients who drink heavily. DOT HS 809 076. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Robinson, LD. (1998). Negative consequences of undergraduate alcohol usage: A multivariate gender comparison. Springfield, VA: DYNCORP I & ET.

Rodgers, A. (1994). Effect of Minnesota's license plate impoundment law on recidivism of multiple DWI violators. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving 10(2): 127-134.

Rogers, JD and Greenfield, TK. (1999). Beer drinking accounts for most of the hazardous alcohol consumption reported in the United States. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60(6): 732-739.

Rogers, PN. (1997). The specific deterrent impact of California's .08% blood alcohol concentration limit and administrative per se license suspension laws. Volume 2. California: California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Rogers, PN and Schoenig, SE. (1994). A time series evaluation of California's 1982 driving-under-the-influence legislative reforms. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26(1): 63-78.

Roizen, R; Kerr, WC; and Fillmore, KM. (1999). Cirrhosis mortality and per capita consumption of distilled spirits, United States, 1949-94: Trend analysis. British Medical Journal 319(7211 ): 666-670.

Room, R. (2000). Measuring drinking patterns: The experience of the last half century. Journal of Substance Abuse 12(1-2): 23-31.

Rosalki, SB. (1999). Biochemical identification of alcohol abuse. International Journal of Clinical Practice 53(2): 138-139.

Ross, HL and Klette, H. (1995). Abandonment of mandatory jail for impaired drivers in Norway and Sweden. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(2): 151-157.

Ross, HL; Simon, S; Cleary, J; Lewis, R; and Storkamp, D. (1995). Causes and consequences of implied consent test refusal. Alcohol. Drugs and Driving 11(1): 57-72.

Royal, D. (2000). Racial and ethnic group comparisons. National surveys of drinking and driving - 1993, 1995, and 1997. Volume 1: Findings. DOT HS 809 -071. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Ruhm, CJ. (1996). Alcohol policies and highway vehicle fatalities. Journal of Health Economics 15(4): 435-454.

Runge, JW; Garrison, HG; Hall, WL; Waller, A; and Shen, G. (In Press). Identification and referral of impaired drivers through emergency department protocols. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Saffer, H. (1997). Alcohol advertising and motor vehicle fatalities. Review of Economics and Statistics 79(3): 431-442.

Saffer, H and Grossman, M. (1987). Beer taxes, the legal drinking age, and youth motor vehicle fatalities. Journal of Legal Studies 16: 351-374.

Saltz, RF and Stanghetta, P. (1997). Community-wide responsible beverage service program in three communities: Early findings. Addiction 92(Suppl.2): S237-S249.

Scopatz, RA. (1998). Methodological study of between-states comparisons, with particular application to .08% BAC law evaluation. In: 77th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board. January 11-15, 1998. Washington, DC.

Shinar, D. (1995). Drinking and driving of pub patrons in Israel. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(1): 65-71.

Shinar, D and Compton, RP. (1995). Victim impact panels: Their impact on DWI recidivism. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving 11(1): 73-87.

Shope, JT; Copeland, LA; Maharg, R; and Dielman, TE. (1996). Effectiveness of a high school alcohol misuse prevention program. Alcoholsim: Clinical and Experimental Research 20(5): 791-798.

Shope, JT; Dielman, TE; Butchart, AT; Campanelli, PC; and Kloska, DD. (1992). An elementary school-based alcohol misuse prevention program: a follow-up evaluation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53(2): 106-121.

Shope, JT; Elliott, MR; Raghunathan, TE; and Waller, PF. (2001). Long-term follow-up of a high school alcohol misuse prevention program's effect on students' subsequent driving. Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research 25(3): 403-410.

Siegal, HA; Falck, RS; Carlson, RG; Rapp, RC; Wang, J; and Cole, PA. (2000). The hardcore drunk driving offender. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Simpson, HM and Mayhew, DR. (1991). The hard core drinking driver. Ottawa, Ontario: Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada.

Simpson, HM and Mayhew, DR. (1992). The hard core drinking driver. Update. 83479. Ottawa, Ontario: Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada.

Skinner, D. (1989). Estimating effects of tax increases on highway fatalities. DOT-TSC-HS-070. Cambridge, MA: Transportation Systems Center.

Skinner, HA and Holt, S. (1987). The Alcohol Clinical Index: Strategies for identifying patients with alcohol problems. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.

Snyder, MB. (1984). The drunk driving warning system - status review. DOT HS 038 633. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Socie, EM; Wagner, SA; and Hopkins, RS. (1994). The relative effectiveness of sanctions applied to first-time drunken driving offenders. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 10(2): 85-90.

Soderstrom, CA; Dischinger, PC; Ho, SM; and Shankar, BS. (1990). A study of alcohol use among 165 injured motorcycle drivers treated at Maryland trauma centers: clinical and crash perspectives including crash culpability. Final report. DOT HS 807 612. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

South, D. (1992). The calculation of blood alcohol concentration. Australia: Victoria Roads.

Steffian, G. (1998). Correction of normative misperceptions: An alcohol abuse prevention program. Dissertation Abstracts International 59(1): 429-B.

Stewart, K; Gruenewald, P; and Parker, RN. (1992). Assessing legal change: recidivism and administrative per se laws. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 8: 375-394.

Streff, FM. (1991). Evaluating traffic safety programs: A manual for assessing program effectiveness. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

Streff, FM and Kalsher, MJ. (1990). Preventing alcohol impaired driving: evaluating simple behavioral tests and their effects on driving decisions. In: Proceedings of Human Factors Society. 34th Annual Meeting. 1990. Santa Monica. Ann Abor: The University of Michigan.

Sun, S; Kahn, D; and Swan, KG. (1997). Lowering the legal blood alcohol level for motorcycles. Journal of Investigative Medicine 45(1): 25A.

Talbot, R and La Grange, L. (1999). Effects of salty and nonsalty food on peak breath alcohol concentration and divided attention task performance in women. Substance Abuse 20(2): 77-84.

Tashima, HN and Helander, CJ. (1998). 1998 Annual report of the California DUI management information system. Sacramento, California: California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Thurman, Q; Jackson, S; and Zhao, J. (1993). Drunk-driving research and innovation - a factorial survey study of decisions to drink and drive. Social Science Research 22(3): 245-264.

Toomey, TL and Wagenaar, AC. (1999). Policy options for prevention: The case of alcohol. Journal of Public Health Policy 20(2): 193-212.

Townsend, TN; Lane, J; Dewa, CS; and Brittingham, AM. (1998). Driving after drug or alcohol use; findings from the 1996 national household survey on drug abuse. (SMA) 99-3273. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Turner, TB; Borkenstein, RF; Jones, RK; and Santora, PBE. (1985). Alcohol and highway safety. Proceedings of the North American Conference on Alcohol and Highway Safety. Baltimore, MD, 12-14 June 1984. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 10(Suppl): 1-231.

Turrisi, R. (1999). Cognitive and attitudinal factors in the analysis of alternatives to binge drinking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29(7): 1512-1535.

Turrisi, R and Jaccard, J. (1991). Judgment processes relevant to drunk driving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21(2): 89-118.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1997). Ninth special report to Congress on alcohol and health. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Summary of findings from the 1998 national household survey on drug abuse. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000a). Ninth report on carcinogens 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000b). Tenth special report to the U. S. Congress on alcohol and health. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

U.S. Department of Transportation FHWA. (1999). Highway statistics 1998. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.

U.S. Department of Transportation NHTSA. (1981). Highway safety evaluation -- Procedural Guide. Southfield, MI: Goodell-Grivas, Inc.

U.S. Department of Transportation NHTSA. (1985). Alcohol and highway safety 1984: A review of the state of the knowledge. DOT HS 806 569. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

U.S. Department of Transportation NHTSA. (1998). Promoting safe passage into the 21st century. Strategic Plan 1998. DOT HS 808 785. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

U.S. Department of Transportation NHTSA. (1999). Traffic safety facts 1998. DOT HS 808 806. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Van Oers, JAM; Bongers, IMB; Van De Goor, LAM; and Garretsen, HFL. (1999). Alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems, problem drinking, and socioeconomic status. Alcohol and Alcoholism: International Journal of the Medical Council on Alcoholism 34(1): 78-88.

Vilardo, FJ; Davis, JM; Jones, RK; Joscelyn, KB; and and Kimberling, WD. (1977). The evaluation of highway traffic safety programs. DOT HS 4 00833. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Vingilis, E; Stoduto, G; Macartney-Filgate, MS; Liban, CB; and McLellan, BA. (1994). Psychosocial characteristics of alcohol-involved and nonalcohol-involved seriously injured drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26(1): 1-12.

Voas, RB; Holder, HD; and Gruenewald, PJ. (1997). The effect of drinking and driving interventions on alcohol-involved traffic crashes within a comprehensive community trial. Addiction 92(Supplement 2): S221-S236.

Voas, RB; Lange, JE; and Tippetts, AS. (1998). Enforcement of a zero tolerance law in California: A missed opportunity? In: Proceedings for 42nd Annual Conference. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 1996.

Voas, RB; Marques, PR; Tippetts, AS; and Beirness, DJ. (1999). The Alberta interlock program: the evaluation of a province-wide program on DUI recidivism. Addiction 94(12): 1849-1859.

Voas, RB; Taylor, E; Baker, TK; and Tippetts, AS. (2000). Effectiveness of the Illinois .08 law. DOT HS 809 186. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Voas, RB and Tippetts, AS. (1995). Evaluation of Washington and Oregon license plate sticker laws. In: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. October, 1995. Chicago, Illinois.

Voas, RB and Tippetts, AS. (1999). The relationship of alcohol safety laws to drinking drivers in fatal crashes. DOT HS 808 980. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Voas, RB; Tippetts, AS; and Fisher, DA. (2000). Ethnicity and alcohol-related fatalities: 1990-1994. DOT HS 809 068. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Voas, RB; Tippetts, AS; and Taylor, E. (1997a). Temporary vehicle immobilization: evaluation of a program in Ohio. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29(5): 635-642.

Voas, RB; Tippetts, AS; and Taylor, E. (1997b). Temporary vehicle impoundment in Ohio: a replication and confirmation. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(5): 651-655.

Voas, RB; Tippetts, AS; and Taylor, E. (1998). Impact of Ohio administrative license suspension. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Charlottesville, Virginia, October 5-7, 1998. pp 401-415.

Voas, RB; Wells, J; Lestina, D; Williams, A; and Greene, M. (2000). Drinking and driving in the United States: The 1996 national roadside survey. DOT HS 809 019. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Vrij-Standhardt, WG. (1991). Biokinetics of ethanol. In: van der Heij, DJ and Schaafsma, G. Biomedical and social aspects of alcohol use: A review of literature. TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands: Pudoc. 14-31.

Wagenaar, AC; Gehan, JP; Jones-Webb, R; Toomey, TL; Forster, JL; Wolfson, M; and Murray, DM. (1999). Communities mobilizing for change: Lesson and results from a 15-community randomized trial. Journal of Community Psychology 27(3): 315-326.

Wagenaar, AC and Holder, HD. (1991). Effects of alcohol beverage server liability on traffic crash injuries. Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research 15(6): 942-947.

Wagenaar, AC; Murray, DM; Gehan, JP; Wolfson, M; Forster, JL; Toomey, TL; Perry, CL; and Jones-Webb, R. (2000). Communities mobilizing for change on alcohol: Outcomes from a randomized community trial. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61(1): 85-94.

Wagenaar, AC; Murray, DM; and Toomey, TL. (2000). Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol (CMCA): Effects of a randomized trial on arrest and traffic crashes. Addiction 95(2): 209-217.

Wagenaar, AC; Zobeck, TS; Williams, GD; and Hingson, R. (1995). Methods used in studies of drink-drive control efforts: A meta-analysis of the literature from 1960 to 1991. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(3): 307-316.

Waller, PF. (1998). Alcohol, aging, and driving. In: Gomberg, ES; Hegedus A.M.; and Zucker, RA. Alcohol problems and aging. NIAAA Research Monograph No. 33. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

Waller, PF; Stewart, JR; and Hansen, AR. (1986). The potentiating effects of alcohol on driver injury. Journal of the American Medical Association 256(11): 1461-1466.

Wechsler, H; Austin, SB; and Schuckit, MA. (1998). Binge drinking: The five/four measure. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59(1): 122-124.

Wechsler, H; Dowdall, GW; Maenner, G; Gledhill-Hoyt, J; and Lee, H. (1998). Changes in binge drinking and related problems among American college students between 1993 and 1997: Results of the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study. Journal of American College Health 47(9): 57-68.

Wechsler, H; Kelley, K; Weitzman, ER; San Giovanni, JP; and Seibring, M. (2000). What colleges are doing about student binge drinking: A survey of college administrators. Journal of American College Health 48: 219-226.

Wechsler, H and Kuo, M. (2000). College students define binge drinking and estimate its prevalence: Results of a national survey. Journal of American College Health 49(2): 57-64.

Wechsler, H; Kuo, M; Lee, H; and Dowdall, GW. (2000). Environmental correlates of underage alcohol use and related problems of college students. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 19(1): 4-29.

Wechsler, H; Molnar, BE; Davenport, AE; and Baer, JS. (1999). College alcohol use: A full or empty glass? Journal of American College Health 47(6): 247-252.

Wells-Parker, E; Bangert-Drowns, R; McMillen, R; and Williams, M. (1995). Final results from a meta-analysis of remedial interventions with drink/drive offenders. Addiction 90: 907-926.

Wells-Parker, E; Pang, MG; Anderson, BJ; McMillen, DL; and Miller, DI. (1991). Female DUI offenders: a comparison to male counterparts and an examination of the effects of intervention on women's recidivism rates. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52(2): 142-147.

Wieczorek, W; Callahan, CP; and Nochajski, TH. (2000). An empirical typology of persistent drinking drivers. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Wieczorek, WF; Miller, BA; and Nochajski, TH. (1989). Bar versus home drinkers: different subgroups of problem-drinker drivers. In: The problem-drinker driver project. Research note 89-6. Albany, New York: New York State Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. 1-2.

Wieczorek, WF; Miller, BA; and Nochajski, TH. (1992a). The limited utility of BAC for identifying alcohol-related problems among DWI offenders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53: 415-419.

Wieczorek, WF; Miller, BA; and Nochajski, TH. (1992b). Multiple and single location drinking among DWI offenders referred for alcoholism evaluation. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 18(1): 103-116.

Wieczorek, WF; Mirand, AL; and Callahan, CP. (1994). Perception of the risk of arrest for drinking and driving. Criminal Justice and Behavior 21(3): 312-324.

Wiliszowski, CH; Murphy, PV; Jones, RK; and Lacey, JH. (1996). Determine reasons for repeat drinking and driving. DOT HS 808 401. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Wilson, RJ. (1992). Convicted impaired drivers and high-risk drivers: how similar are they? Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53(4): 335-344.

Wilson, RJ and Chen, GG. (2000). Predictive models of BAC among nighttime drivers. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Winek, CL; Wahba, WW; and Dowdell, JL. (1996). Determination of absorption time of ethanol in social drinkers. Forensic Science International 77(3): 169-177.

Zador, PL. (1976). Statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of "Alcohol Safety Acrion Projects". Accident Analysis and Prevention 8: 51-66.

Zador, PL. (1977). A rejoinder to "A critique of the paper 'statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of Alcohol Safety Action Programs '"by Johnson et al. Accident Analysis and Prevention 9(1): 15-19.

Zador, PL; Krawchuk, S; and Voas, R. (2000). Alcohol-related relative risk of driver involvement in fatal crashes in relation to driver age and sex: an update using 1996 data. DOT HS 809 050. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

OTHER ARTICLES AND REFERENCES

Anon. (1993). Enforcement of underage impaired driving laws - issues, problems, recommended solutions. DOT HS 807 920. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Anon. (1994). The nature of and reasons for the worldwide decline in drinking and driving. Washington DC: Transportation Research Board.

Anon. (1996). Alcohol and road fatalities. Australia: Australian Federal Office of Road Safety.

Anon. (1996). Breath alcohol testing. Canberra, Australia: NRMA-ACT Road Safety Trust.

Anon. (1996). Road Safety 2000: NSW drink-drive prevention, strategy 1996-2000, action plan. Rosebery, Australia: New South Wales Road and Traffic Authority.

Anon. (1997). Blood alcohol levels in road accident fatalities in Great Britain. England: Transport Research Laboratory.

Anon. (1999). Combating Hardcore Drunk Driving: A Source of Promising Strategies, Laws & Programs. Washington DC: National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project.

Adebayo, A. (1991). Factors antecedent to impaired driving in a Canadian urban sample. International Journal of the Addictions 26(8): 897-909.

Allen, RW; Parseghian, Z; and Stein, AC. (1996). A driving simulator study of the performance effects of low blood alcohol concentrations. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40th Annual Meeting, 1996. California: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Allen, TC. (1991). A study of university students regarding driving under the influence. Campus Law Enforcement Journal 21(2): 34-35.

Alvarez, J; Del Rio, MC; and Gonzalez-Luque, JC. (2000). Alcohol-related problems and fitness to drive among Spanish drivers. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-25, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety.

Anderson, JA; McLellan, BA; Pagliarello, G; and Nelson, WR. (1990). The relative influence of alcohol and seatbelt usage on severity of injury from motor vehicle crashes. Journal of Trauma 30(4): 415-417.

Anglin, L; Johnson, S; Giesbrecht, N; and Greemfield, T. (2000). Alcohol policy content analysis: a comparison of public health and alcohol industry trade newsletters. Drug and Alcohol Review 19(2): 203-212.

Anton, RF; Moak, DH; Latham, PK; Waid, LR; Malcolm, RJ; Dias, JK; and Roberts, JS. (2001). Posttreatment results of combining naltrexone with cognitive-behavior therapy for the treatment of alcoholism. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21(1): 72-77.

Archer, L; Grant, BF; and Dawson, DA. (1995). What if Americans drank less? The potential affect on the prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependance. American Journal of Public Health 85(1): 61-66.

Arnedt, JT; Wilde, GJS; Munt, PW; and Maclean, AW. (2000). Simulated driving performance following prolonged wakefulness and alcohol consumption: Separate and combined contributions to impairment. Journal of Sleep Research 9(3): 233-241.

Arnett, J. (1990). Drunk driving, sensation seeking, and egocentrism among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences 11(6): 541-546.

Augsburger, M and Rivier, L. (1997). Drugs and alcohol among suspected impaired drivers in Canton de Vaud (Switzerland). Switzerland : Forensic Science International.

Austin, J; Johnson, CM; and Hoffman, DV. (1998). National evaluation of the correctional options demonstration program. ACCN 173070. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Avant, LL. (1990). Alcohol impairs visual presence/absence detection more for females than for males. Perception and Psychophysics 48(3): 285-290.

Bailey, JPM and Bailey, ML. (2000). Hard-core drinking drivers in New Zealand. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Baldock, MRJ and Bailey, TJ. (1998). Random breath testing in South Australia: operation and effectiveness. Adelaide, Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council Road Accident Research Unit.

Barillo, DJ. (1993). Arrest and conviction of injured intoxicated drivers in eastern Pennsylvania. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25(5): 635-639.

Barr, RA and Eberhard, J. (1994). Older drivers: a different problem, a different solution? Alcohol Drugs and Driving 10(1): 93-100.

Baum, S. (2000). Drink Driving as a Social Problem: Comparing the Attitudes and Knowledge of Drink Driving Offenders and the General Community. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32(5): 689-694.

Beck, KH and Lockhart, SJ. (1992). A model of parental involvement in adolescent drinking and driving. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 21(1): 35-51.

Begg, DJ and Langley, JD. (2000). Seat-belt use and related behaviors among young adults. Journal of Safety Research 31(4): 211-220.

Beirness, DJ; Foss, RD; and Voas, RB. (1993). Drinking drivers' estimates of their own blood alcohol concentration. Journal of Traffic Medicine 21(2): 73-78.

Beirness, DJ; Marques, PM; Voas, RB; and Tippets, S. (1997). Evaluation of the Alberta Interlock Program: preliminary results. Ontario, Canada: Canada Traffic Research Foundation.

Beirness, DJ; Simpson, HM; and Mayhew, DR. (1999). Research needs and priorities for the hard core drinking driver. At: Transportation Research Board Committee on Alcohol, Other Drugs and Transportation Mid-year Meeting and Workshop. August 19-20, 1999. Irvine, California. Canada: Traffic Injury Research Foundation.

Beirness, DJ; Simpson, HM; Mayhew, DR; and Wilson, RJ. (1994). Trends in drinking driver fatalities in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 85(1): 19-22.

Berglund, K and Jones, AW. (2000). Age and gender-related differences in blood and breath-alcohol concentration among drinking drivers in Sweden. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Bergman, H; Hillner, EB; Moberg, T; Rydberg, U; Irvel, P; Englund Nilsson, M; and Toernros, J. (1998). Drunken drivers given supervision instead of prison sentences. Saertryck ur Laekartidningen 94(50): 4794-4801.

Biden, JRJr. (1990). Drunk Driving Victims' Protection Act. Report. Washington DC: Senate Judiciary Committee .

Billheimer, JW. (1998). Evaluation of California motorcyclist safety program. Transportation Research Record 1640: 100-109.

Borsari, B and Carey, KB. (2000). Effects of a brief motivational intervention with college student drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68(4): 728-733.

Breen, MH; Dang, QT; Jaing, JT; and Boyd, GN. (1998). The effect of a "one for the road" drink of hard liquor, beer or wine on peak breath alcohol concentration ina social drinking environment with food consumption. Medicine, Science and the Law 38(1): 62-69.

Brewer, R and Sleet, D. (1995). Alcohol and injuries, time for action. Archives of Family Medicine 4: 499-501.

Broughton, EA. (1997). Impact of informational methods among drinking college students applying the Health Belief Model. Dissertation Abstracts International 57(9): 3839-A-3840-A.

Brown-Pearson, AD. (2000). Analysis of alcohol self-reported use and abuse patterns in an Hispanic serving institution from 1991 to 1997. Dissertation Abstracts International 60(9): 3286-A.

Buchholtz, U. (1993). Bloodmethanol - a marker of alcoholism in the context of medical-psychological investigation of drunken drivers. Blutalkohol 30(1): 43-51.

Burdon, WM; Roll, JM; Prendergast, ML; and Rawson, RA. (2001). Drug courts and contingency management. Journal of Drug Issues 31(1): 73-90.

Burns, M and Moskowitz, H. (1990). Two experiments on alcohol-caffeine interaction. In: Fatigue, Sleep Deprivation, Circadian Rhythms and their Interaction with Alcohol and Other Drugs.

Caetano, R and Clark, CL. (2000). Hispanics, Blacks and White driving under the influence of alcohol: results from the 1995 National Alcohol Survey. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32(1): 57-64.

Cameron, M; Diamantopoulou, K; Mullan, N; and Gantzer, S. (1997). Evaluation of the country random breath testing and publicity program in Victoria, 1993-1994. Victoria, Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Centre.

Cammisaa, MX; Ferguson, SA; and Wells, JK. (1996). Laboratory evaluation of PAS III sensor with new pump design. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

Campbell, CH and Hansen, AR. (1992). Blood alcohol concentration in motor vehicle crash victims- a survey of North Carolina physician attitudes and utilization patterns. North Carolina Medical Journal 53(9): 461-463.

Caudill, BD; Harding, WM; and Moore, BA. (2000). At-risk drinkers use safe ride services to avoid drinking and driving. Journal of Substance Abuse 11(2): 149-159.

Caudill, BD; Kantor, GK; and Ungerleider, S. (1990). Driving while intoxicated: increased deterrence or alternative transportation for the drunk driver. Journal of Substance Abuse 2(1): 51-67.

Centers for Disease Control. (1991). Alcohol-related traffic fatalities among youth and young adults - United States, 1982-1989. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 40(E): 178-187.

Cercarelli, LR; Rosman, DL; Kirov, C; and Legge, M. (2000). The relationship between alcohol-related medical conditions and road crashes. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Chaloupka, FJ. Effects of price on alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Health and Research World 17(1)

Chaloupka, FJ; Saffer, H; and Grossman, M. (1993). Alcohol-control policies and motor-vehicle fatalities. Journal of Legal Studies 22: 161-186.

Chang, G; Astrachan, B; Weil, U; and Bryant, K. (1992). Reporting alcohol-impaired drivers - results from a national survey of emergency physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21(3): 284-290.

Chang, I and Lapham, SC. (1996). Validity of self-reported criminal offences and traffic violations in screening of driving-while-intoxicated offenders. Alcohol and Alcoholism 31(6): 583-590.

Cherpitel, CJ. (1993). Alcohol and Injuries: a review of international emergency room studies. Addiction 88(7): 923-937.

Cherpitel, CJ. (1993). Timing of the breath analyzer - does it make a difference? Journal of Studies on Alcohol 54(5): 517-519.

Cherpitel, CJ. (1997). Alcohol and injury: a comparison of three emergency room samples in two regions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58(3): 323-321.

Cherpitel, CJ and Tam, TW. (2000). Variables associated with DUI offender status among whites and Mexican Americans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61(5): 698-703.

Clayton, A and Everest, JT. (1994). Decline in drink driving and driving crashes, fatalities and injuries in Great Britain. In: The nature of and reasons for the worldwide decline in drinking and driving. Washington DC: Transportation Research Board.

Clements, R. (1999). Prevalence of alcohol-use disorders and alcohol-related problems in a college student sample. Journal of American College Health 48(3): 111-118.

Coate, D and Grossman, M. (1987). Change in alcoholic beverage prices and legal drinking ages. Alcohol Health and Research World : 22-26.

Cohen, R. (1992). Drunk driving. 83848. Washington, DC: Justice Department, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Colburn, N; Meyer, RD; Wrigley, M; and Bradley, EL. (1993). Should motorcycles be operated within the legal alcohol limits for automobiles. Journal of Trauma 35(2): 183-186.

Cole, PA. (In press). The impact of group composition on female DUI program participants.

Cole, SS and Nowaczyk, RH. (1994). Field sobriety tests: are they designed for failure? in: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol. 79, No. 1. South Carolina: Clemson University.

COMSIS Corporation. (1995). Understanding youthful risk taking and driving. Maryland: COMSIS Corporation, Johns Hopkins University.

Conrod, PJ; Stewart, SH; and Pihl, RO. (1997). Validation of a measure of excessive drinking: frequency per year that BAL exceeds .08%. Substance Use and Misuse 32(5)

Copeland, LA; Shope, JT; and Waller, PF. (1996). Factors in adolescent drinking-driving: binge drinking, cigarette smoking and gender. Journal of School Health 66(7): 254-260.

Corben, B; Diamantopoulou, K; Mullan, N; and Mainka, B. (1996). Environmental countermeasures for alcohol-related pedestrian crashes. Victoria, Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Centre.

Cox, DJ; Gressard, CF; Quillian, WC; Westerman, P; and Gonder-Frederick, L. (1992). The effect of blood alcohol levels on driving simulator, coordination, and reaction time tests in high risk population: objective and subjective measures. Virginia: Virginia University, Health Sciences Center.

Dan, D. (1992). The use of "alumni" in treatment for driving under the influence (DUI) clients. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 9(1): 77-83.

Dawson, DA. (2000). Alternative measures and models of hazardous consumption. Journal of Substance Abuse 12(1-2): 79-91.

Deitch, D; Koutsenok, I; and Ruiz, A. (2000). The relationship between crime and drugs: What we have learned in recent decades. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 32(4): 391-397.

DeJong, W and Hingson, R. (1998). Strategies to reduce driving under the influence of alcohol. Annual Review of Public Health 19: 359-378.

DeJong, W and Winsten, JA. (1999). Use of designated drivers by US college students: A national study. Journal of American College Health 47(4): 151-156.

DeYoung, DJ; Peck, RC; and Helander, CJ. (1997). Estimating the exposure and fatal crash rates of suspended/ revoked and unliciesed drivers in California. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29(1): 17-23.

Dielman, TE; Kloska, DD; Leech, SL; Schulenberg, JE; and Shope, JT. (1992). Susceptibility to peer pressure as an explanatory variable for the differential effectiveness of an alcohol misuse prevention program in elementary schools. Journal of School Health 62(6): 233-237.

Dinges, DF and Kribbs, NB. (1990). Comparison of the effects of alcohol and sleepiness on simple reaction time performance: Enhanced habituation as a common process. in: Fatigue, Sleep Deprivation, Circadian Rhythms and their Interaction with Alcohol and Other Drugs.

Donovan, DM; Umlauf, RL; and Salzberg, PM. (1990). Bad drivers: identification of a target group for alcohol-related prevention and early intervention. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 51(2): 136-141.

Donovan, JE. (1993). Young adult drinking-driving - behavioral and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 54(5): 600-613.

Dougherty, DM; Marsh, DM; Moeller, FG; Chokshi, RV; and Rosen, VC. (2000). Effects of moderate and high doses of Alcohol on attention, impulsivity, discriminability, and response bias in immediate and delayed memory task performance. Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research 24(11): 1702-1711.

Dowdall, GW; Crawford, M; and Wechsler, H. (1998). Binge drinking among American college women: A comparison of single-sex and coeducational institutions. Psychology of Women Quarterly 22(3): 705-714.

Drummond, AE. (1994). Young driver research program: a technical and strategic overveiw of exposure reduction measures as a means of reducing young driver crashes. Victoria, Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Centre.

Duncan, DF. (1997). Chronic drinking, binge drinking and drunk driving. Psychological Reports 80(2): 681-682.

Dunkel and Glitsch, E. (2000). Drunk driving: The role of alcohol consumption, situational aspects and general deterrence. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Eby, DW. (1995). The convicted drunk driver in Michigan: a profile of offenders. UMTRI Research Review 25(5)

Edwards, G and Holder, HD. (2000). The alcohol supply. Its importance to public health and safety, and essential research questions. Addiction 95(12): S621-S627.

Eilers, JC. (1994). Alternatives to traditional incarceration for serious traffic offenders. Virginia: Virginia Transportation Research Council, Virginia Department of Transportation.

Erenberg, DF and Hacker, GA. (1997). Last call for high-risk bar promotions that target college students. Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI).

Evans, L. (1990). What fraction of all traffic deaths are due to alcohol? In: Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the National Safety Council. Chicago, IL, 1990. pp 424-430. National Safety Council.

Evans, L. (1991). Airbag effectiveness in preventing fatalities predicted according to type of crash, driver age and blood alcohol concentration. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23(6): 531-541.

Evans, L and Frick, MC. (1993). Alcohol's effect on fatality risk from a physical insult. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 54(4): 441-449.

Everest, JT; Davies, CH; and Banks, S. (1991). Roadside surveys of drinking and driving; England and Wales 1990. Crowthorne, England: Transport and Road Research Labaratories.

Fairclough, SH; Brookhuis, KA; and Vallet, M. (1993). Driver state monitoring system: DETER. In: Advanced Transport Telematics. Netherlands: Research Institute, England; Traffic Research Centre, Netherlands.

Farrimond, T. (1990). Effect of alcohol on visual constancy values and possible relation to driving performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills 70(1): 291-295.

Fe Casas, M; Stinson, FS; and Harford, TC. (1991). Alcohol use and physically risky behaviours among adolescents. Alcohol Health and Research World 15(3): 1-6.

Fell, JC. (1991). Repeat DWI offenders: Their involvement in fatal crashes. In: Intoxicated Drivers: Multiple and Problem Offenders' Conference. 5-6 September, 1991. Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Fell, JC. (1999). Zero tolerance laws for youth: are they effective? In: 22nd Annual Scientific Meeting Research Society on Alcohol. July 1, 1999. Santa Barbara, CA. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Fell, JC and Hertz, ES. (1993). The effects of blood alcohol concentration on time of death for fatal crash victims. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving 9(2): 97-106.

Ferguson, SA; Wells, JK; and Lund, AK. (1995). The role of passive alcohol sensors in detecting alcohol impaired drivers at sobriety checkpoints. Alcohol Drugs and Driving 11(1): 23-30.

Ferrante, AM; Rosman, DL; and Marom, Y. (2001). Novice Drink Drivers, Recidivism and Crash Involvement. Accident Analysis and Prevention 33(2): 221-227.

Finn, P. (1996). Substance-free residence halls: The promise and the practice. Journal of American College Health 45(2): 51-58.

Flagstad-Kramer, LL. (1997). Characteristics and dimensions of alcohol education on college campuses: A qualitative study. Dissertation Abstracts International 58(4): 1159-A-1160-A.

Fletcher, LA; Toomey, TL; Wagenaar, AC; Short, B; and Willenbring, ML. (2000). Alcohol home delivery services: A source of alcohol for underage drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 6(1): 81-84.

Fontaine, RA. (1992). DUI pre-arrest alcohol purchases: a survey of Sonoma County drunk drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53(4): 345-348.

Fortini, M and Popkin, CL. (1995). Alcohol-related injuries among women. In: Alcohol, Cocaine and Accidents, Watson, RR (Ed.). Human Press.

Foss, R; Marchetti, L; Holladay K.; and Scholla K. (1999). BACs of university students returning home at night. In: 78th Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC.

Foss, RD and Beirness, DJ. (1996). Drinking passengers and their drivers: roadisde survey results. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Vancouver, BC, October, 1996. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

Foss, RD; Stewart, JR; and Martell, CA. (1993). Substance abuse assessment of North Carolina drivers convicted of DWI since 1990. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Highway Safety Research Center.

Foss, RD; Voas, RB; and Beirness, DJ. (1993). Using a passive alcohol sensor to detect legally iontoxicated drivers. American Journal of Public Health 83(5): 556-560.

Fowles, R and Loed, PD. (1992). The interactive effect of alcohol and altitude on traffic fatalities. Southern Economic Journal 59(1): 108-112.

Frick, U; Rehm, J; Knoll, A; Reifinger, M; and Hasford, J. (2000). Perception of traffic accident risk and decision to drive under light alcohol consumption - a double-blind experimental study. Journal of Substance Abuse 11(3): 241-251.

Friedel, B and Kroj, G. (1994). Alcohol-related road accidents in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: The nature of and reasons for the worldwide decline in drinking and driving. Washington DC: Transportation Research Board.

Fuller, MG. (1995). Alcohol use and injury severity in trauma patients. Journal of Addictive Diseases 14(1): 47-54.

Gabella, B; Reiner, KL; Hoffman, RE; Cook, M; and Stallones, L. (1993). Relationship of helmet use and head injuries among motorcycle crash victims in El Paso County, Colorado, 1989-1990 . In: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 36th Annual Conference. Proceedings. Des Plaines, IL, 1993. Pp. 51-60.

Gastil, J. (2000). Thinking, drinking, and driving: Application of the theory of reasoned action to DWI prevention. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30(11): 2217-2232.

Gawron, VJ and Ranney, TA. (1990). The effect of spot treatments on performance in a driving simulator under sober and alcohol-dosed conditions. Accident Analysis and Prevention 22(3): 263-279.

Geller, ES; Clarke, SW; and Kalsher, MJ. (1991). Knowing when to say when: a simple assessment of alcohol impairment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 24(1): 65-72.

Geller, ES and Kalsher, MJ. (1990). Environmental determinants of party drinking: bartenders vs. self service. Environment and Behavior 22(1): 74-89.

Gentilello, LM; Donovan, DM; Dunn, CW; and Rivara, FP. (1995). Alcohol interventions in trauma centers: current practice and future directions. Journal of the American Medical Association 274(13): 1043-1048.

Gislason, T; Tomasson, K; Reynisdottir, H; Bjoernsson, JK; and Kristbarnarson, H. (1997). Medical risk factors amongst drivers in single-car accidents. Journal of Internal Medicine 241(3): 213-219.

Glass, RJ; Chan, G; and Rentz, D. (2000). Cognitive impairment screening in second offense DUI programs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 19(4): 369-373.

Global Exchange, Inc. (1994). Motorcycle alcohol focus groups July 5-27, 1994. Xenia, Ohio: Global Exchange, Inc.

Glucksman, E. (1994). Alcohol and accidents. British Medical Bulletin 50(1): 76-84.

Gould, LA and Gould, KH. (1992). First-time and multiple-DWI offenders: a comparison of criminal history records and BAC levels. Journal of Criminal Justice 20(6): 527-539.

Grant, SA; Millar, K; and Kenny, GNC. (2000). Blood alcohol concentration and psychomotor effects. British Journal of Anaesthesia 85(3): 401-406.

Grasmick, HG; Bursik, RJJr; and Arneklev, BJ. (1993). Reduction in drunk driving as a response to increased threats of shame, embarrassment, and legal sanctions. Criminology 31(1): 41-67.

Green, RE; French, JF; Haberman, PW; and Holland, PW. (1991). The effects of combining sanctions and rehabilitation for driving under the influence: an evaluation of the New Jersey Countermeasures Program. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23(6): 543-555.

Greening, L and Stoppelbein, L. (2000). Young drivers' health attitudes and intentions to drink and drive. Journal of Adolescent Health 27(2): 94-101.

Grossman, DC; Mueller, BA; Kenaston, T; Salzberg, P; Cooper, W; and Jurkovich, GJ. (1996). The validity of police assesment of driver intoxication in motor vehicle crashes leading to hospitalization. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28(4): 435-442.

Grube, JW and Voas, RB. (1996). Predicting underage drinking and driving behaviors. Addiction 91(12): 1843-1857.

Gruenewald, PJ. (1991). Loss of control drinking among first offender drunk drivers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 15(4): 634-639.

Gruenewald, PJ; Stewart, K; and Klitzner, M. (1990). Alcohol use and the appearance of alcohol problems among first offender drunk drivers. British Journal of Addiction 85(1): 107-117.

Gruenewald, PJ and Treno, AJ. (2000). Local and global alcohol supply. Economic and geographic models of community systems. Addiction 95(12): S537-S549.

Gullberg, RG. (1990). An application of probability theory to a group of breath-alcohol and blood-alcohol data. Journal of Forensic Sciences 35(6): 1342-1352.

Gullberg, RG. (1995). Repeatability of replicate breath alcohol measurements collected in short time intervals. Science and Justice 35(1): 5-9.

Gullberg, RG and McElroy, AJ. (1992). Comparing roadside with subsequent breath alcohol analyses and their relevance to the issue of retrograde extrapolation. Forensic Science International 57(2): 193-201.

Haberman, PW and Green, RE. (1992). Driver fatalities and DUI offenders in New Jersey. International Journal of the Addictions 27(6): 675-681.

Haffner, H-T; Erath, D; and Graw, M. (1996). Variations in the range of road accidents due to alcohol in relation to the blood alcohol concentration. Blutalkohol 33(2): 78-83.

Haines, M and Spear, SF. (1996). Changing the perception of the norm: A strategy to decrease binge drinking among college students. Journal of American College Health 45(3): 134-140.

Haines, MP. (1996). Social norms approach to preventing binge drinking at colleges and universities. Newton, MA: Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention.

Hansen, WB and Graham, JW. (1991). Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolecents: peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms. Preventive Medicine 20(3): 414-430.

Hansen, WB; Raynor, AE; and Wolkenstein, BH. (1991). Perceived personal immunity to the consequences of drinking alcohol: the relationship behavior and perception. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 14(3): 205-224.

Harford, TC. (1993). The measurement of alcohol-related accidents. Addiction 88(7): 907-912.

Harper, JS; Marine, WM; Garrett, CJ; Lezotte, D; and Lowenstein, SR. (2000). Motor vehicle crash fatalities: a comparison of Hispanic and non-Hispanic motorists in Colorado. Annals of Emergency Medicine 36(6): 589-596.

Harre, N; Brandt, T; and Dawe, M. (2000). The development of risky driving in adolescence. Journal of Safety Research 31(4): 185-194.

Haworth, N; Vulcan, P; Bowland, L; and Pronk, N. (1997). Fatal single vehicle crashes study: summary report. Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Centre.

Haworth, NL and Schulze, M. (1996). Motorcycle crash countermeasures: literature review and implementation workshop. Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Centre.

Hayes, DM and Swisher, JD. (1991). Social activity participation and the drinking and driving behaviors of adolescents. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 36(3): 7-16.

Health Canada. (1997). DWI repeat offenders: a review and synthesis of the literature (highlights). Ottawa, Ontario: Office of Alcohol, Drugs and Dependency Issues, Health Canada.

Henstridge, J; Homel, R; and Mackay, P. (1997). The long term effects of random breath testing in four Australian states: a time series analysis. Queensland, Australia: Data Analysis Australia/ Griffith University, School of Justice Administration.

Hernandez-Avila, CA; Burleson, JA; Poling, J; Tennen, H; Rounsaville, BJ; and Kranzler, HR. (2000). Personality and substance use disorders as predictors of criminality. Comprehensive Psychiatry 41(4): 276-283.

Higgins, JP; Wright, SW; and Wrenn, KD. (1996). Alcohol, the elderly, and motor vehicle crashes. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 14(3): 265-267.

Hijar, M; Carrillo, C; Flores, M; Anaya, R; and Lopez, V. (2000). Risk Factors in Highway Traffic Accidents: a Case Control Study. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32(5): 703-709.

Hill, JC and Toffolon, G. (1990). Effect of alcohol on sensory and sensorimotor visual functions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 51(2): 108-113.

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; Jamanka, A; and Howland, J. (2000). Age of drinking onset and unintentional injury involvement after drinking. DOT HS 809 189. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; Levenson, S; Jamanka, A; and Voas, R. (2000). Age of drinking onset, driving after drinking, and involvement in alcohol related motor vehicle crashes. DOT HS 809 188. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Holder, H; Flay, B; Howard, J; Boyd, G; Voas, R; and Grossman, M. (1999). Phases of alcohol problem prevention research. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 23(1): 183-194.

Holder, HD. (2000). Community prevention of alcohol problems. Addictive Behaviors 25(6): 843-859.

Holloway, FA. (1994). Low-dose alcohol effects on human behavior and performance. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving 11(1): 39-56.

Holubowycz, OT; Kloeden, CN; and McLean, AJ. (1992). Drinking behavior and other characteristics of injured drivers and riders. Australia: Adelaide University, Road Accident Research Unit.

Holubowycz, OT; Kloeden, CN; and McLean, AJ. (1994). Age, sex, and blood alcohol concentration of killed and injured drivers, riders, and passengers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26(4): 483-492.

Holubowycz, OT; McLean, AJ; and McCaul, KA. (1991). A new method of breath testing the general population. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52(5): 474-477.

Homel, R. (1993). Random breath testing in Australia - getting it to work according to specifications. Addiction 66: 27S-33S.

Homel, R. (1994). Drink-driving law enforcement and the legal blood alcohol limit in New South Wales. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26(2): 147-155.

Horne, JA and Baumber, CJ. (1991). Time-of-day effects of alcohol intake on simulated driving performance in women. Ergonomics 34(11): 1377-1383.

Horwood, LJ and Fergusson, DM. (2000). Drink driving and traffic accidents in young people. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32(6): 805-814.

Howat, P; Robinson, S; Binns, C; Palmer, S; and Landauer, A. (1991). Educational biofeedback driving simulator as a drink-driving prevention strategy. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 37(1): 7-13.

Howat, P; Sleet, D; and Smith, I. (1990). Alcohol and driving ability: support for stting the legal limit at .05% in Australia. Australia: Curtin University of Technology/ Western Australia University.

Howat, P; Sleet, D; and Smith, I. (1991). Alcohol and driving: is the .05% blood alcohol concentration limit justified. Drug and Alcohol Review 10: 151-166.

Hoy, TC. (1996). Development, implementation, and evaluation of a peer education training program for proactive drug prevention at San Antonio College. Dissertation Abstracts International 56(9): 3425-A.

Hunter, CE; Lokan, RJ; Longo, MC; White, JM; and White, MA. (1998). The prevalence and role of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants in non-fatal crashes. Australia: Forensic Science Department for Administrative and Information Services, South Australia.

Husak, DN. (1994). Is drunk driving a serious offense? Philosophy and Public Affairs 23(1): 52-73.

Iffland, R. (1996). New ways to use biochemical indicators of alcohol abuse to regrant licences in a fairer manner after drunken driving in Germany. Alcohol and Alcoholism 31(6): 619-620.

Iffland, R and Staak, M. (1990). Methanol and Isopropanol as markers for alcoholism. Beitraege zur Gerichtlichen Medizin 48: 173-177.

Isaac, NE; Kennedy, B; and Graham, JD. (1995). Who's in the car? Passengers as potential interveners in alcohol-involved fatal crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(2): 159-165.

Ito, TA; Miller, N; and Pollack, VE. (1996). Alcohol and aggression: a meta-analysis on the moderating effects of inhibitory cues, triggering events, and self-focused attention. Psychological Bulletin 120(1): 60-82.

Ivy, K. (1999). Prevention of alcohol misuse and related violence for college students. Dissertation Abstracts International 59(8): 2874-A.

James, WH. (1990). A report on driving while intoxicated (DWI) among Asian-Americans, African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and Native Americans for the Washington traffic safety commission. Seattle, Washington: Center for the Study and Teaching of At-Risk Students, University of Washington.

Job, RFS. (1990). The application of learning theory to driving confidence: the effect of age and the impact of random breath testing. Accident Analysis and Prevention 22(2): 97-107.

Joksch, HC and Jones, RK. (1993). Changes in the drinking age and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice 21: 209-221.

Jones, AW and Anderson, L. (1996). Influence of age, gender, and blood-alcohol concentration on the disapearance rate of alcohol from blood in drinking drivers. Journal of Forensic Sciences 17(3): 922-926.

Jones, AW and Pounder, DJ. (1998). Measuring blood-alcohol concentration for clinical and forensic purposes. In: Drug Abuse Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Jones, BT; Corbin, W; and Fromme, K. (2001). A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction 96(1): 57-72.

Jones, RK and Joksch, HC. (1991). A study of alcohol-traffic safety interventions in Tennessee - Final Report. Washington, DC: National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse National Institutes of Health.

Jones, RK; Joksch, HC; and Wiliszowski, CH. (1991). Implied consent refusal impact. Final report. DOT HS 807 765. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK and Lacey, JH. (1999). Evaluation of a day reporting center for repeat DWI offenders. DOT HS 808 989. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, RK; Lacey, JH; and Wiliszowski, CH. (1998). Problems and solutions in DWI enforcement systems. DOT HS 808 666. Washington. DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones-Webb, R; Short, B; Wagenaar, A; Toomey, T; Murray, D; Wolfson, M; and Forster, J. (1997). Environmental predictors of drinking and driver-related problems in young adults. Journal of Drug Education 27(1): 67-82.

Kann, L; Kinchen, SA; Williams, BI; Ross, JG; Lowry, R; Grunbaum, JA; and Kolbe, LJ. (2000). Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 1999. Journal of School Health 70(7): 271-285.

Keeling, RP. (2000). Political, social, and public health problems of binge drinking in college. Journal of American College Health 48: 195-198.

Kennedy, BP; Isaac, NE; and Graham, JD. (1996). The role of heavy drinking in the risk of traffic fatalities. Risk Analysis 16(4): 565-569.

Kennedy, RS; Turnage, JJ; and Dunlap, WP. (1993). Diagnosis of alcohol intoxication: effectiveness of cognitive and neurovestibular field sobriety tests. proceedings of: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 37th annual meeting. 1993. Santa Monica.

Kerber, L and Wallisch, L. (1999). 1997 Texas survey of substance use among university students. Austin, TX: Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse.

Kiger, SM; Lestina, DC; and Lund, AK. (1993). Passive alcohol sensors in law enforcement screening for alcohol-impaired drivers. Alcohol Drugs and Driving 9(1): 7-16.

Kinkade, P; Leone, MC; and Wacker, T. (1992). Probation and the drunk-driver - a cost of being "MADD". Federal Probation 56(2): 6-15.

Kirby, JM; Maull, KI; and Fain, W. (1992). Comparability of alcohol and drug use in injured drivers. Southern Medical Journal 85(8): 800-802.

Klein, H and Pittman, DJ. (1990). Perceived consequences associated with the use of beer, wine, distilled spirits, and wine coolers. International Journal of the Addictions 25(5): 471-495.

Klepp, K; Perry, C; and Jacobs, D. (1991). Etiology of drinking and driving among adolescents: Implications for primary prevention. Health Education Quarterly 18(4): 415-427.

Kloeden, CN and McLean, AJ. (1994). Late night drink driving in Adelaide two years after the introduction of the .05 limit. Australia: Adelaide University.

Knight, KK; Fielding, JE; and Goetzel, RA. (1991). Correlates of motor-vehicle safety behaviors in working populations. Journal of Occupational Medicine 33(6): 705-710.

Knowles, J and Persico, N. (2001). Racial bias in motor vehicle searches: theory and evidence. Journal of Political Economy 109(1): 203-229.

Komro, KA; Perry, CL; Williams, CL; Stigler, MH; Farbakhsh, K; and Veblen-Mortenson, S. (2001). How did Project Northland reduce alcohol use among young adolescents? Analysis of mediating variables. Health Education Research 16(1): 59-70.

Kostyniuk, LP; Eby, DW; and Streff, FM. (1996). Michigan traffic safety opinions and behaviors. UMTRI Research Review 27(2): 1-14.

Lacey, JH; Jones, RK; and Stewart, JR. (1991). Cost-benefit analysis of administrative license suspensions. DOT HS 807 689. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lacey, JH; Stewart, JR; Marchetti, LM; Popkin, CL; Murphy, PV; Lucke, RE; and Jones, RK. (1986). Enforcement and public information strategies for DWI general deterrence: Arrest drunk driving - The Clearwater and Largo, Florida experience. Chapel Hill, NC: Highway Safety Research Center.

Lamble, RW. (1990). Estimating the probability of dying after drinking and driving. In: Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the National Safety Council. Chicago, IL, 1990. pp 270-274. National Safety Council.

Lamers, CTJ and Ramaekers, JG. (2000). Visual search and urban city driving under the influence of marijuana and alcohol. DOT HS 809 020. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lange.J.E. and Johnson, MB. (2000). Only sometimes do the best laid plans go awry: Investigating the relationship between drinking intentions and drinking behavior. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22 - 26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Lange, JE and Voas, RB. (1998). Nighttime observations of safety belt use: An evaluation of California's primary law. American Journal of Public Health 88(11): 1718-1720.

Lange, JE; Voas, RB; and O'Rourke, P. (1998). What is a designated driver anyway?: Results of a California survey on definitions and use of designated drivers. Journal of Traffic Medicine 26(3-4): 101-108.

Lange, TJ and Greene, E. (1990). How judges sentence DUI offenders: an experimental study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 16(1-2): 125-133.

Lapham, S; Baum, G; Skipper, B; and Chang, I. (2000). Attrition in a follow-up study of driving while impaired offenders: Who is lost? Alcohol and Alcoholism 35(5): 464-470.

Lapham, SC; Skipper, BJ; Hunt, WC; and Chang, I. (2000). Do risk factors for re-arrest differ for female and male drunk-driving offenders? Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research 24(11): 1647-1655.

Lapham, SC; Skipper, BJ; Owen, JP; Kleyboecker, K; Teaf, D; Thompson, B; and Simpson, G. (1995). Alcohol abuse screening instruments: Normative test data collected from a first DWI offender screening program. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 56(1): 51-59.

Lapham, SC; Skipper, BJ; and Simpson, GL. (1997). A prospective study of the utility of standardized instruments in predicting recidivism among first DWI offenders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58(5): 524-530.

Laurell, H. (1994). Decline in drinking and driving in Sweden. In: The nature of and reasons for the worldwide decline in drinking and driving. Washington DC: Transportation Research Board.

Laurell, H; McLean, AJ; and Kloeden, CN. (1990). The effect of blood alcohol concentration on light and heavy drinkers in a realistic night driving situation. Australia: Adelaide University.

Legge, JSJr. (1990). Policy alternatives and traffic safety: mandatory seat belts and drunk driving reform in California. Western Political Quarterly 43(3): 613-630.

Legge, JSJr. (1990). Reforming highway safety in New York state: an evaluation of alternative policy interventions. Social Science Quarterly 71(2): 373-382.

Leigh, BC. (2000). Using daily reports to measure drinking and drinking patterns. Journal of Substance Abuse 12(1-2): 51-65.

Lestina, DC; Greene, M; Voas, RB; and Wells, J. (1999). Sampling procedures and survey methodologies for the 1996 survey with comparisons to earlier national roadside surveys. Evaluation Review 23(1): 28-46.

Lestina, DC and Lund, AK. (1992). Laboratory evaluation of two passive alcohol sensors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53(4): 328-334.

Levelt, PBM. (1996). Secondary education and drinking driving. Netherlands: Institute for Road Safety Research.

Lewis, MW; Merz, JF; Hays, RD; and Nicholas, R. (1995). Perceptions of intoxication and impairment at arrest among adults convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol. Journal of Drug Issues 25(1): 141-160.

Lillis, RP; Good, RG; and States, JD. (1993). Correlates of detection of injured drinking drivers. Journal of Traffic Medicine 21: 147-152.

Lillis, RP; Good, RG; and States, JD. (1994). Impaired driving as a physician reportable condition. in: 38th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Lyon France September 1994. 1994.

Lillis, RP; Good, RG; and States, JD. (1995). Post treatment driving records of injured impaired drivers. In: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting Association for the advancement of Automotive Medicine. October 1995. Chicago, Illinois.

Lillis, RP; Good, RG; States, JD; and Gajary, EM. (1996). Impediments to identification of injured impaired drivers: Police officers' perspective. In: 40th Annual Proceedings, Association for Advancement of Automotive Medicine . October 1996. Vancouver, B.C.

Lilly, JR; Ball, RA; Curry, GD; and McMullen, J. (1993). Electronic monitoring of the drunk driver: a seven-year study of the home confinement alternative. Crime and Delinquency 39(4): 462-484.

Linnel, RH and Mook, SJ. (1991). Ignition interlock devices: An assessment of their applicatio to reduce DUI. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.

Little, GL; Robinson, KD; and Burnette, KD. (1990). Treating drunk drivers with moral reconation therapy: a two-year recidivism study. Psychological Reports 66(3): 1379-1387.

Longo, MC; Hunter, CE; Lokan, RJ; White, JM; and White, MA. (2000). The Prevalence of Alcohol, Cannabinoids, Benzodiazepines and Stimulants Amongst Injured Drivers and Their Role in Driver Culpability - Part II: the Relationship Between Drug Prevalence and Drug Concentration, and Driver Culpability. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32(5): 623-632.

Longo, MC; Hunter, CE; Lokan, RJ; White, JM; and White, MA. (2000). The Prevalence of Alcohol, Cannabinoids, Benzodiazepines and Stimulants Amongst Injured Drivers and Their Role in Driver Culpability - Part I: the Prevalence of Drug Use in Drivers, and Characteristics of the Drug-Positive Group. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32(5): 613-622.

Love, RL. (1998). Testing the constructs of the resiliency model in a non-random sample of college students: Effects on quantity and frequency of alcohol use and consequences experienced due to alcohol use. Dissertation Abstracts International 58(7): 2554-A.

Loxley, W; Lo, SK; Homel, R; Berger, DE; and Snortum, JR. (1992). Young people, alcohol, and driving in two Australian states. International Journal of the Addictions 27(9): 1119-1129.

Lucker, GW; Kruzich, DJ; Holt, MT; and Gold, JD. (1991). The prevalence of antisocial behavior among U.S. Army DWI offenders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52(4): 318-320.

Macdonald, S and Pederson, LL. (1990). The characteristics of alcoholics in treatment arrested for driving while impaired. British Journal of Addiction 85(1): 97-105.

Maio, RF; Portnoy, J; Blow, FC; and Hill, EM. (1994). Injury type, injury severity, and repeat occurence of alcohol-related trauma in adolescents. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18(2): 261-264.

Maio, RF; Waller, PF; Blow, FC; Hill, EM; and Singer, KM. (1997). Alcohol abuse/dependence in motor vehicle crash victims presenting to the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine 4(4): 256-262.

Makela, P; Valkonen, T; and Poikolainen, K. (1997). Estimated numbers of deaths from coronary heart disease "caused" and "prevented" by alcohol: An example from Finland. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58(5): 455-463.

Mancino, M; Cunningham, MR; Davidson, P; and Fulton, RL. (1996). Identification of the motor vehicle accident victim who abuses alcohol: an opportunity to reduce trauma. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57(6): 652-658.

Mann, RE; Vingilis, ER; Gavin, D; Adlaf, E; and Anglin, L. (1991). Sentence severity and the drinking driver: relationships with traffic safety outcome. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23(6): 483-491.

Marine, WM; Koziol-McLain, J; Lowenstein, SR; Kennedy, J; and Graham, W. (1992). Drinking and driving in Colorado: a program evaluation. In: 36th Annual Proceedings. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. October 5-7, 1992. Portland, Oregon.

Marowitz, LA. (1996). Predicting DUI recidivism. Volume I - Blood alcohol concentration and driver record factors. California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Marowitz, LA. (1996). Predicting DUI recidivism. Volume II - The incremental utility of non-driver record factors. California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Marques, PR and Voas, RB. (1993). Setting performance priorities for breath alcohol ignition interlock devices. Journal of Traffic Medicine 21(3): 127-132.

Marques, PR and Voas, RB. (1995). Case-managed alcohol interlock programs: a bridge between the criminal and health systems. Journal of Traffic Medicine 23(2): 77-85.

Marques, PR; Voas, RB; and Hodgins, D. (1998). Vehicle interlock programs: protecting the community against the drunk driver. Prevention & Intervention in the Community 17(1): 31-44.

Marques, PR; Voas, RB; Tippetts, AS; and Beirness, DJ. (1999). Behavioral monitoring of DUI offenders with the alcohol ignition interlock recorder. Addiction 94(12): 1861-1870.

Martens, CH; Ross, LE; and Mundt, JC. (1991). Young drivers' evaluation of driving impairment due to alcohol. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23(1): 67-76.

Martin, S. (1996). Zero tolerance laws: effective public policy? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 20(8): 147A-150A.

Maruschak, LM. (1999). DWI offenders under correctional supervision. NCJ 172212. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

Masuda, K; Nagata, M; Kuriyama, H; and Sato, TB. (1990). Visual behavior of novice drivers in obstacle negotiation under alcohol-dosed conditions. Japan : Institute of Vocational Training.

Mauck, SR and Zagumny, MJ. (2000). Determinants of effort in drunk-driving interventions: a path analysis. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 45(2): 23-33.

Mayou, R and Bryant, B. (1995). Alcohol and road traffic accidents. Alcohol and Alcoholism 30(6): 709-711.

McKnight, AJ and Marques, PR. (1990). Host and server determination of alcohol intoxication level. DOT HS 807 639. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

McKnight, AJ; Marques, PR; Langston, EA; and Tippetts, AS. (1996). Estimating alcohol impairment from observable signs. In: Proceedings for 40th Annual Meeting. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. October 7-9, 1996. Vancouver, B.C.

McLean, AJ. (1994). Decline in drink driving and alcohol related fatal crashes in Australia. In: The nature of and reasons for the worldwide decline in drinking and driving. Washington DC: Transportation Research Board.

McLellan, BA; Vingilis, E; Larkin, E; Stoduto, G; Macartney-Filgate, M; and Sharkey, PW. (1993). Psychosocial characteristics and follow-up of drinking and non-drinking drivers in motor vehicle crashes. The Journal of Trauma 35(2): 245-250.

McLellan, BA; Vingilis, E; Liban, C; Stoduto, G; McMurtry, RY; and Nelson, WR. (1990). Blood alcohol testing of motor vehicle crash admissions at a regional trauma unit. Journal of Trauma 30(4): 418-421.

McMillen, DL; Pang, MG; Wells-Parker, E; and Anderson, BJ. (1991). Behavior and personality traits among DUI arrestees, nonarrested impaired drivers, and nonimpaired drivers. International Journal of the Addictions 26(2): 227-235.

McMillen, DL; Pang, MG; Wells-Parker, E; and Anderson, BJ. (1992). Alcohol, personality traits, and high risk driving: a comparison of young, drinking driver groups. Addictive Behaviors 17(6): 525-532.

Meier, SE; Brigham, TA; and Gilbert, BJ. (1998). Analyzing methods for increasing designated driving. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community 17(1): 1-14.

Meier, SE; Brigham, TA; Ward, DA; Myers, F; and Warren, L. (1995). Effects of blood alcohol concentration on negative punishment: implications for decision making. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57(1): 85-96.

Mercer, GW; Cooper, PJ; and Kristiansen, L. (1996). A cost/benefit analysis of a 5-month intensive alcohol-impaired driving road check campaign. In: Proceedings for 40th Annual Meeting. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. October 7-9, 1996. Vancouver, B.C.

Mercer, GW and Jeffery, WK. (1995). Alcohol, drugs, and impairment in fatal traffic accidents in Bitish Columbia. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(3): 335-343.

Meyers, AR and Perrine, MW. (1996). Drinking by police officers, general drivers and late-night drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57(2): 187-192.

Milgram, GG. (1993). Adolescents, alcohol and aggression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (11): 53-61.

Miller, TR; Lestina, DC; and Spicer, RS. (1998). Highway crash costs in the United States by driver age, blood alcohol level, victim age, and restraint use. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(2): 137-150.

Mitka, M. (1998). Persuading youths that hops ain't hip. Journal of the American Medical Association 280(6): 499-500.

Miyao, M; Ishikawa, H; Ito, M; and Lee, JY. (1994). Effect of a low dose of alcohol on dynamic visual acuity. Perceptual and Motor Skills 78(3): 963-967.

Modell, JG; Taylor, JP; and Lee, JY. (1993). Breath alcohol values following mouthwash use. Journal of the American Medical Association 270(24): 2955-2956.

Monto, MA; Newcomb, MD; Rabow, J; and Hernandez, ACR. (1992). Social status and drunk-driving intervention. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53(1): 63-68.

Morse, BJ and Elliot, DS. (1992). Effects of ignition interlock devices on DUI recidivism: findings from a longitudinal study in Hamilton County, Ohio. Crime and Delinquency 38(2): 131-157.

Moser, AE and Levinson, T. (1990). The Program for Impaired Driving Offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 7(3): 195-197.

Moskowitz, H; Burns, M; and Fiorentino, D. (1999). Impairment by alcohol at 80 mg/dl and 40 mg/dl on a driving simulator and divided attention task. Los Angeles, California: Southern California Research Institute.

Mounce, NH and Pendleton, OJ. (1992). The relationship between blood alcohol concentration and crash responsibility for fatally injured drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 24(2): 201-210.

Mullan, N; Diamantopoulou, K; and Cameron, M. (1995). A relative comparison of the extent of drink-driving by females and males in Victoria. Australia: Monash University.

Mundt, JC; Ross, LE; and Harrington, HL. (1992). A modeling analysis of young drivers' judgments of accident risk due to alcohol use and other driving conditions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53(3): 239-248.

National Transportation Safety Board. (1990). Safety study: fatigue, alcohol, other drugs, and medical factors in fatal-to-the-driver heavy truck crashes. Volume 1. 79542. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board.

National Transportation Safety Board. (1990). Safety study: fatigue, alcohol, other drugs, and medical factors in fatal-to-the-driver heavy truck crashes. Volume 2. 79543. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board.

Nau, PA; Van Houten, R; Rolider, A; and Jonah, BA. (1993). The failure of feedback on alcohol impairment to reduce impaired driving. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 26(3): 361-367.

Nelson, D; Sklar, D; Skipper, B; and McFeeley, PJ. (1992). Motorcycle fatalities in New Mexico: the association of helmet nonuse with alcohol intoxication. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21(3): 279-283.

Nelson, TF; Kennedy, BP; Isaac, NE; and Graham, JD. (1998). Correlates of drinking-driving in men at risk for impaired driving crashes. American Journal of Public Health 22(2): 151-158.

Neuninger, H. (1990). Evaluation of results of breath alcohol determination. Beitraege zur Gerichtlichen Medizin 48: 549-556.

Newcomb, MD; Rabow, J; Monto, M; and Hernandez, AC. (1991). Informal drunk driving intervention: psychological correlates among young adult women and men. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21(24): 1988-2006.

Nicholson, ME; Wang, M; Airhihenbuwa, CO; Mahoney, BS; Christina, R; and Maney, DW. (1992). Variability in behavioral impairment involved in the rising and falling BAC curve. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53(4): 349-356.

Nickel, WR. (1996). Medical screening and medical-psychological assessment as prerequisites for regranting of licenses: summary of recommendations. Alcohol and Alcoholism 31(6): 605-607.

Nochajski, TH; Miller, BA; and Wieczorek, WF. (1992). The New York state drinking-driver program screening project. Drinking, Drugs and Driving: Research Note 92.2

Nochajski, TH; Miller, BA; Wieczorek, WF; and Whitney, R. (1993). The effects of a drinker-driver treatment program. Does criminal history make a difference? Criminal Justice and Behavior 20(2): 174-189.

Nochajski, TH and Wieczorek, W. (2000). Driver characteristics as a function of DWI history. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Noordzij, P. (1994). Decline in drinking and driving in the Netherlands. In: The nature of and reasons for the worldwide decline in drinking and driving. Washington DC: Transportation Research Board.

Noordzij, PC; Vis, AA; and Verschuur, WL. (1990). Alcohol and the use of seat belts. In: Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the National Safety Council. Chicago, IL, 1990. pp 677-683. National Safety Council.

Odero, W and Zwi, AB. (1997). Drinking and driving in an urban setting in Kenya. East African Medical Journal 74(11): 675-679.

Oei, TPS and Kerschbaumer, DM. (1990). Peer attitudes, sex, and the effects of alcohol on simulated driving performance. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 16(1-2): 135-146.

Oestroem, M; Sjoegren, H; and Eriksson, A. (ND). Role of alcohol in traffic crashes involving women: passenger car fatalities in northern Sweden. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 56(5): 506-512.

Ohlsson, J; Ralph, DD; Mandelkorn, MA; Babb, AL; and Hlastala, MP. (1990). Accurate measurement of blood alcohol concentration with isothermal breathing. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 51(1): 6-13.

Parker, RC; Arstein-Kerslake, GW; and Helander, CJ. (1994). Psychometric and biographical correlates of drunk-driving recidivism and treatment program compliance. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 55(6): 667-678.

Parks, KA; Nochajski, TH; Wieczoreck, WF; and Miller, BA. (1996). Assessing alcohol problems in female DWI offenders. Clinical and Experimental Research 20(3): 434-439.

Parsons, M; Wnek, I; and Huebert, KM. (1993). A unique intervention program for repeat impaired driving offenders. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 39(1): 34-40.

Patrick, K; Covin, JR; Fulop, M; Calfas, K; and Lovato, C. (1997). Health risk behaviors among California college students. Journal of American College Health 45(6): 265-272.

Peacock, C. (1992). International policies on alcohol-impaired driving: a review. International Journal of the Addictions 27(2): 187-208.

Peck, R and Romanowicz, P. (1993). Teen and senior drivers. In: State of California DMV. Research Note Winter 1993/94. Sacramento, California: California Department of Motor Vehicles, Research & Development Section.

Peden, MM; Knottenbelt, JD; VanderSpuy, J; Oodit, R; Scholtz, HJ; and Stokol, JM. (1995). Pedestrian trafffic trauma in Cape Town, South Africa: the role of alcohol. In: Proceedings for 39th Annual Conference. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. October, 1995. Chicago, Illinois.

Peek-Asa, C. (1999). The effect of random alcohol screening in reducing motor vehicle crash injuries . American Journal of Preventive Medicine 16(1S): 57-67.

Peek-Asa, C and Kraus, JF. (1996). Alcohol use, driver, and crash characteristics among injured motorcycle drivers. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 41(6): 989-993.

Pernanen, K. (1993). Causal attributions in the explanation of alcohol-related accidents. Addiction 88(7): 897-906.

Perneger, T and Smith, GS. (1991). The driver's role in fatal two-car crashes: a paired "case control" study. American Journal of Epidemiology 134(10,15): 1138-1145.

Perper, JA; Kuller, IH; and Shim, YK. (1993). Vehicular crashes and alcohol involvement in drivers at fault, and related fatalities. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 14(3): 177-184.

Plymat, WN. (n.d.). Liquor sales and traffic deaths in Iowa. Des Moines: Preferred Risk Mutual Insurance Company.

Popkin, CL. (1991). Drinking and driving by young females. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23(1): 37-44.

Popkin, CL. (1993). A consideration of factors influencing drinking and driving by women. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving 9(3-4): 197-209.

Popkin, CL and Council, FM. (1993). A comparison of alcohol-related driving behavior of white and nonwhite North Carolina drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25(4): 355-364.

Prince, PE. (1999). Binge drinking among college students. Dissertation Abstracts International 60(2): 349-A-350-A.

Raimondo, DJ. (1998). Designated driver program on an American college campus: A study of alcohol behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International 59(5): 1488-A.

Rehm, CG; Nelson, J; Mackenzie, D; and Ross, SE. (1993). Failure of the legal system to enforce drunk driving legislation effectively. Annals of Emergency Medicine 22(8): 1295-1297.

Rehm, J; Greenfield, TK; and Rogers, JD. (2001). Average volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking, and all-cause mortality results from the US national alcohol survey. American Journal of Epidemiology 153(1): 64-71.

Riordan, BG and Dana, RQ. (1998). Greek letter organizations and alcohol: Problems, policies, and programs. New Directions for Student Services 81: 49-59.

Rivara, FP; Dunn, P; and Simpson, E. (2000). Addressing alcohol-impaired driving: Training physicians to detect and counsel their patients who drink heavily. DOT HS 809 076. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Rivara, FP and MacKenzie, EJ. (1999). Systematic reviews of strategies to prevent motor vehicle injuries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 16(1S): 1-5.

Rivers, K; Sarvela, PD; Shannon, DV; and Gast, J. (1996). Youth and young adult perceptions of drinking and driving prevention programs: a focus group study. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 41(2): 80-91.

Robinson, LD. (1998). Negative consequences of undergraduate alcohol usage: A multivariate gender comparison. Springfield, VA: DYNCORP I & ET.

Roehrs, TA; Battle, D; Beare, D; Zorick, FJ; and Roth, T. (1994). Sleepiness and ethanol effects on simulated driving. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 18(1): 154-158.

Roeper, PJ and Voas, RB. (1998). Alcohol consumption measured at roadside surveys and variations in traffic injury crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(4): 409-416.

Roeper, PJ and Voas, RB. (1999). Underage drivers are separating drinking from driving. American Journal of Public Health 89(5): 755-757.

Rogers, PN. (1995). The general deterrent impact of California's .08% blood alcohol concentration limit and administrative per se license suspension laws. Volume 1. California: California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Rogers, PN. (1995). The general deterrent impact of California's .08% blood alcohol concentration limit and administrative per se license suspension laws. Volume 2. California: California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Roine, R; Gentry, RT; Hernandez-Munoz, R; Baraona, E; and Lieber, CS. (1990). Aspirin increases blood alcohol concentrations in humans after ingestion of ethanol. Journal of the American Medical Association 264(18): 2406-2408.

Room, R. (2000). Measuring drinking patterns: The experience of the last half century. Journal of Substance Abuse 12(1-2): 23-31.

Rosman, DL; Ferrante, AM; and Marom, Y. (2001). A linkage study of western Australian drink driving arrests and road crash records. Accident Analysis and Prevention 33(2): 211-220.

Ross, HL. (1992). Confronting drunk driving: social policy for saving lives. New Mexico: New Mexico University.

Ross, HL. (1993). Prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving - an international comparison. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25(6): 777-779.

Ross, HL; Howard, JM; Ganikos, ML; and Taylor, ED. (1991). Drunk driving among American Blacks and Hispanics. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23(1): 1-11.

Ross, HL; Klette, H; and McLeary, R. (1992). Recent trends in Scandinavian drunk-driving law. Journal of Traffic Medicine 20(2): 59-70.

Ross, HL; Simon, S; Cleary, J; Lewis, R; and Storkamp, D. (1995). Causes and consequences of implied consent test refusal. Alcohol. Drugs and Driving 11(1): 57-72.

Royal, D. (2000). Racial and ethnic group comparisions: national surveys of drinking and driving attitudes and behavior - 1993, 1995 and 1997 - volume II: methods report. DOT HS 809 072. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Runge, JW; Pullman, CL; Carter, JM; and Thomasson, MH. (1996). Enforcement of drunken driving laws in cases involving injured intoxicated drivers. Annals of Emergency Medicine : 66-72.

Sadler, DD; Perrine, MW; and Peck, RC. (1991). The long-term traffic safety impact of a pilot alcohol abuse treatment as an alternative to license suspensions. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23(4): 203-224.

Sarvela, PD; Pape, DJ; Odulana, J; and Bajracharya, SM. (1990). Drinking, drug use, and driving among rural midwestern youth. Journal of School Health 60(5): 215-219.

Schuetz, H; Tuerker, T; and Weiler, G. (1997). Discrepancies between police breath alcohol measurements in a field trial and blood alcohol concentration according to BGA guidlines and possible consequences for citizens. Achiv fuer Kriminologie 199(3-4): 103-108.

Schuster, R; Schiewe, G; Ludwig, O; Friedel, L; and Hellwege, J. (1991). Unfavorable conditions of driving in darkness under the influence of alcohol; Automobile driving studies to determine alcohol-induced driving insecurity after dark. Blutalkohol 28(5): 287-301.

Schwing, RC. (1990). Exposure-controlled highway fatality rstes: Temporal patterns compared to some explanatory variables. In: Fatigue, Sleep Deprivation, Circadian Rhythms and their Interaction with Alcohol and Other Drugs. 1990.

Schyma, C and Schyma, P. (1996). The reliability of the calculation of the blood alcohol level for the time of offense. Blutalkohol 33(2): 65-70.

Searles, JS; Helzer, JE; and Walter, DE. (2000). Comparison of drinking patterns measured by daily reports and timeline follow back. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 14(3): 277-286.

Sen, A. (2001). Do stricter penalties deter drinking and driving? An empirical investigation of Canadian impaired driving laws. Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique 34(1): 149-164.

Sheehan, M; Schonfeld, C; and Davey, J. (1995). A community based prevention/rehabilitation programme for drink drivers in a rural region: "under the limit". Brisbane Australia: Queensland University.

Sheehan, SC; Ballard, R; Schofeild, F; Najman, J; and Siskind, V. (1996). A three year outcome evaluation of a theory based drink driving education program. Journal of Drug Education 26(3): 295-312.

Shope, JT. (1996). Preventing risky lifestyle and problem behavior among adolescents. In: New to the Road: Reducing the Risk for Young Motorists. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

Shope, JT; Copeland, LA; and Dielman, TE. (1994). Measurement of alcohol use and misuse in a cohort of students followed from grade six through grade 12. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18(3)

Siegal, HA; Fisher, JH; Rapp, RC; Cole, PA; Wagner, JH; Kelliher, CW; and Kay, J. (In press). Assessing DUI offenders: subgroups and classifications. The Journal of Drug Abuse Problems 1-19

Simpson, HM; Beirness, DJ; and Mayhew, DR. (1994). Decline in drink driving and driving crashes, fatalities and injuries in Canada. In: The nature of and reasons for the worldwide decline in drinking and driving. Washington DC: Transportation Research Board.

Siskind, V; Schonfeld, C; and Sheehan, M. (2000). Predictors of re-offence among Australian drink drivers . In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

Sjoegren, H; Bjoernstig, U; and Eriksson, A. (1997). Comparison between blood analysis and police assessment of drug and alcohol use by injured drivers. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 25(3): 217-223.

Smith, LT; Sinha, R; and Williams, HL. (1990). The interaction of alcohol and sleep deprivation in two reaction time tasks. In : Fatigue, Sleep Deprivation, Circadian Rhythms and their Interactions with Alcohol and Other Drugs.

Snortum, JR. (1990). Drinking-driving compliance in Great Britian: the role of law as a "threat" as a "moral eye-opener.". Journal of Criminal Justice 18(6): 479-499.

Snow, RW. (1996). Recidivism among convicted drinking drivers: an analysis of DUI offenders referred to the Mississippi Alcohol Safety Education Program in 1992. Mississippi: Mississippi State University.

Soderstam, CA. (1990). Injured drinking drivers: How they escape the system. in : 16th International Forum on Traffic Records Systems. 1990. Bal Harbour, Florida.

Soderstrom, CA; Birschbach, JM; and Dischinger, PC. (1990). Injured drivers and alcohol use: culpability, convictions, and pre- and post-crash driving history. Journal of Trauma 30(10): 1208-1214.

Soderstrom, CA; Cole, FJ; and Porter, JM. (2001). Injury in America: The role of alcohol and other drugs - an east position paper prepared by the injury control and violence prevention committee. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care 50(1): 1-12.

Soderstrom, CA; Dischinger, PC; and Kerns, TJ. (1993). Alcohol use among injured sets of drivers and passengers: five years later and the wrong occupant is still driving. In: Proceedings for 37th Annual Conference. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 1993.

Soderstrom, CA; Kerns, TJ; Ho, SM; Dischinger, PC; Read, KM; Mathias, CMJr; and Smith, GS. (1996). Assessment of current alcoholism rates among vehicular and non-vehicular patients admitted to a level I regional trauma center. In: Proceedings for 40th Annual Conference. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 1996.

Sommers, MS; Dyehouse, JM; Howe, SR; and Manharth, M. (2000). Drinking drivers: A cluster of risk-taking behaviors. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.

South, D. (1990). The case for lower BAC limits. In: 11th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. 1990. Chicago.

Spaite, D; Criss. EA; Weist, D; Valenzuela, T; Judkins, D; and Meislin, H. (n.d.). A prospective investigation of the impact of alcohol consumption on helmet use, injury severity, medical resource utilization and health care costs in bicycle-related trauma. 38(2): 287-290.

Speiglman, R. (1994). Mandated AA attendance for recidivist drinking drivers: ideology, organization, and California criminal justice pracitces. Addiction 89(7): 859-868.

Spohn, C; Piper, RK; Martin, T; and Frenzel, ED. (2001). Drug courts and recidivism: the results of an evaluation using two comparison groups and multiple indicators of recidivism. Journal of Drug Issues 31(1): 149-176.

Staak, M and Iffland, R. (1992). Alcoholism detection markers in blood samples of road users. Japenese Journal of Alcohol and Drug Dependence 27(1): 42-49.

Stacy, AW; Newcomb, MD; and Bentler, PM. (1991). Personality, problem drinking, and drunk driving: mediating, moderating, and direct-effect models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60(5): 795-811.

Steensberg, J. (1994). Accidental and road traffic deaths: prospects for local prevention. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26(1): 1-9.

Steffian, G. (1998). Correction of normative misperceptions: An alcohol abuse prevention program. Dissertation Abstracts International 59(1): 429-B.

Stockwell, T; Rydon, P; Gianatti, S; Jenkins, E; Ovenden, C; and Syed, D. (1992). Levels of drunkenness of customers leaving licensed premises in Perth, Western Australia: a comparison of high and low "risk" premises. British Journal of Addiction 87(6): 873-881.

Stoduto, G; Vingilis, E; Kapur, BM; Sheu, WJ; McLellan, BA; and Liban, CB. (1993). Alcohol and drug use among motor vehicle collision victims admitted to a regional trauma unit: demographic, injury, and crash characteristics. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25(4): 411-420.

Streff, FM and Eby, DW. (1994). An evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of Michigan's drunk and impaired driving laws. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

Streff, FM; Geller, ES; and Russ, NW. (1990). Evaluation of sobriety tests for use by social hosts. In: Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the National Safety Council. Chicago, IL, 1990. pp 450-455. National Safety Council.

Streff, FM and Hopp, ML. (1997). Evaluation of Michigan's under age 21 zero-tolerance alcohol-impaired driving law. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

Streufert, S; Pogash, RM; Roache, J; Gingrich, D; Landis, R; Severs, W; Lonardi, L; and Kantner, A. (1992). Effects of alcohol intoxication on risk taking, strategy, and error rate in visuomotor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 77(4): 515-524.

Stuster, J and Burns, M. (1998). Validation of the standardized field sobriety test battery at BACs below .10 percent. DOT HS 808 839. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Stuster, JW. (1993). The detection of DWI Motorcyclists. DOT HS 807 839. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Stuster, JW. (1997). The detection of DWI at BAC's below .10. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Stuster, JW and Blowers, PA. (1995). Experimental evaluation of sobriety checkpoint programs. DOT HS 808 287. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Substance Abuse and Mental Heath Services Administration. (1998). Driving after drug or alcohol use: findings from the 1996 national household survey on drug abuse. Analytic Series: A-8. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration / Substance Abuse and Mental Heath Services Administration.

Swedish National Road Administration. (1998). Road traffic safety report 1997. Sweden: Swedish National Road Administration.

Sweedler, BM and Quinlan, KE. (1990). Alcohol and drugs among fatally injured drivers of heavy trucks. In: Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the National Safety Council. 1990. Chicago, Illinois.

Tagawa, M; Kano, M; Okamura, N; Itoh, M; Sakurai, E; Watanabe, T; and Yanai, K. (2000). Relationship between effects of alcohol on psychomotor performances and blood alcohol concentrations. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 83(3): 253-260.

Tashima, HN and Helander, CJ. (1999). 1999 Annual report of the California DUI management information system. Sacramento, California: California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Tashima, HN and Helander, CJ. (2000). 2000 Annual report of the California DUI management information system. Sacramento, California: California Department of Motor Vehicles.

Tavris, DR; Kuhn, EM; and Layde, PM. (2001). Age and Gender Patterns in Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries: Importance of Type of Crash and Occupant Role. Accident Analysis and Prevention 33(2): 167-172.

Taylor, C and Kleinke, CL. (1992). Effects of severity of accident, history of drunk driving, intent, and remorse on judgments of a drunk driver. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22(21): 1641-1655.

Taylor, JD. (ND). A suggestion regarding impaired driving. Canada: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, Ottawa.

Thompson, DC; Rivara, FP; Thompson, RS; Salzberg, PM; Wolf, M; and Pearson, DC. (1993). Use of behavioral risk factor surveys to predict alcohol-related motor vehicle events. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 9(4): 224-230.

Tippetts, AS and Voas, RB. (1998). The effectiveness of the West Virginia interlock program. Journal of Traffic Medicine 26(1-2): 19-24.

Toernros, J. (1994). Drink driving countermeasures: a review of the literature. Linkoeping, Sweden: Transportforskninginstitutet.

Toernros, J and Laurell, H. (ND). Blood alcohol concentrations after consuming beers or table wine with a meal and from eating candy with alcohol content. Linkoeping, Sweden:

Trafford, DjH and Makin, HLJ. (1994). Breath-alcohol concentration may not always reflect the concentration of alcohol in blood. Journal of Analytic Toxicology 18(4): 225-228.

Treno, AJ; Cooper, K; and Roeper, P. (1994). Estimating alcohol involvement in trauma patients: search for a surrogate. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 18(4): 1306-1311.

Turner, C. (1990). How much alcohol is in a "standard drink"? An analysis of 125 studies. British Journal of Addiction 85(8): 1171-1175.

Turrisi, R. (1999). Cognitive and attitudinal factors in the analysis of alternatives to binge drinking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29(7): 1512-1535.

Turrisi, R and Jaccard, J. (1992). Cognitive and attitudinal factors in the analysis of alternatives to drunk driving. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53(5): 405-414.

Turrisi, R; Jaccard, J; Kelly, SQ; and O'Malley, CM. (1993). Social psychological factors involved in adolescents' efforts to prevent their friends from driving while intoxicated. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 22(2): 147-169.

Turrisi, R; Jaccard, J; Kelly, SQ; and Valera, EM. (1994). Parent and teen perceptions regarding parental efforts at controlling teen drunk driving. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24(15): 1387-1406.

U.S. Department of Transportation NHTSA. (1992). Target populations expert panel workshop. Internal report. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

U.S. Department of Transportation NHTSA. (1993). Tier 1 task force report on identification of target populations. Internal report. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

U.S. Department of Transportation NHTSA. (1997). An evaluation of the specific deterrent effect of vehicle impoundment on suspended, revoked and unlicensed drivers in California. DOT HS 808 727. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

U.S. Department of Transportation NHTSA. (2000). Traffic safety facts 1999. DOT HS 809 100. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

U.S. DOT; NHTSA; and FHA. (1997). Risk-taking behavior and traffic safety symposium proceedings. October 19-22, 1997. Chatham, Massachusetts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation.

Vaas, K and Elvick, R. (1992). Driver knowledge about and attitudes towards legislation regulating drinking and driving. Oslo, Norway:

van Wijngaarden, M; Cushing, B; Kerns, T; Dischinger, P; and Mathias, CMJr. (1995). Police perception of intoxication among injured pedestrians. Journal of Emergency Medicine 13(1): 21-26.

Vanakoski, J; Mattila, MJ; and Seppala, T. (2000). Driving under light and dark conditions: effects of alcohol and diazepam in young and older subjects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 56(6-7): 453-458.

Veneziano, C and Veneziano, J. (1992). Psychosocial characteristics of persons convicted of driving while intoxicated. Psychological Reports 70(3, Pt. 2): 1123-1130.

Vingilis, E. (In press). Moderate drinking and traffic crashes: a case for health or safety? Contemporary Drug Problems : 1-17.

Vingilis, E and Adlaf, E. (1990). The structure of problem behaviour among Ontario high school students: a confirmatory-factor analysis. Health Education Research 5(2): 151-160.

Vingilis, E; Wasylyk, N; Blefgen, H; and Shamai, S. (1993). The Ontario 12-hour administrative licence suspension law against drinking-drivers; the Ontario provincial police assessment of offence and drivers' characteristics. Journal of Traffic Medicine 21(2): 59-64.

Voas, RB. (1992). Assessment of impoundment and forfeiture laws for drivers convicted of DWI. Phase I report - review of state laws and their application. DOT HS 808 136. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Voas, RB and McKnight, AJ. (1991). An evaluation of hardship licensing for DWI, Volume II: Effect on general and specific deterrence. Final Report. DOT HS 807 060. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Voas, RB and Tippetts, AS. (1990). Evaluation of treatment and monitoring programs for drunken drivers. Journal of Traffic Medicine 18(1): 15-26.

Voas, RB and Tippetts, AS. (1994). Assessment of impoundment and forfeiture laws for drivers convicted of DUI. Phase II report: evaluation of Oregon and Washington Vehicle Plate Zebra Sticker Laws. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .

Voas, RB; Tippetts, AS; and Fell, J. (1999). The United States limits drinking by youth under age 21: does this reduce fatal crash involvements? In: 43rd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. September 20-21, 1999. Barcelona, Spain.

Voas, RB; Tippetts, AS; and Lange, JE. (1997). Evaluation of a method for reducing unlicensed driving: the Washington and Oregon license plate sticker laws. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29(5): 627-634.

Voas, RB; Tippetts, AS; and Taylor, E. (1999). Effectiveness of the Ohio vehicle action and administrative license suspension laws. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Vogel-Sprott, M. (1990). Social drinking and driving: techniques to reduce the risk of impairment. Ontario, Canada: Waterloo University, Department of Psychology.

Wagenaar, AC; Murray, DM; Gehan, JP; Wolfson, M; Forster, JL; Toomey, TL; Perry, CL; and Jones-Webb, R. (2000). Communities mobilizing for change on alcohol: Outcomes from a randomized community trial. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61(1): 85-94.

Wagenaar, AC; Murray, DM; and Toomey, TL. (2000). Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol (CMCA): Effects of a randomized trial on arrest and traffic crashes. Addiction 95(2): 209-217.

Wagenaar, AC; Toomey, T; Murray, DM; Short, BJ; Wolfson, M; and Jones-Webb, R. (1996). Sources of alcohol for underage drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57(3): 325-333.

Waller, PF. (1993). Graduated licensing: Rx for motor vehicle injury prevention. Texas Driver and Traffic Safety Education Association Journal Fall 1993: 4-8, 13.

Waller, PF. (1995). Change and the future: implications for alcohol research. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

Waller, PF; Blow, FC; Maio, RF; Singer, K; Hill, EM; and Schaefer, N. (1995). Crash characteristics and injuries of victims impaired by alcohol versus illicit drugs. In: Proceedings for 39th Annual Conference. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. October, 1995. Chicago, Illinois.

Waller, PF and Hansen, AR. (1990). Potential effects of apparent contradictions. In: Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the National Safety Council. Chicago, IL, 1990. pp 190-195. National Safety Council.

Walsh, B. (1987). Do excise taxes save lives? The Irish experience with alcohol taxation. Accident Analyses and Prevention 19(6): 443-448.

Watson, JS. (1994). Illegal blood alcohol levels and traffic death rates. Perceptual and Motor Skills 79(1): 82.

Watson, RR. (1995). Alcohol, cocaine, and accidents. In: Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews - Series 7. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

Watson, WA and Garriott, JC. (1992). Alcohol and motorcycle riders: a comparison of motorcycle and car/truck DWIs. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 34(3): 213-215.

Webb, JA; Baer, PE; McLaughlin, RJ; McKelvey, RS; and Caid, CD. (1991). Risk factors and their relation to initiation of alcohol use among early adolescents. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Journal 30(3): 563-568.

Wechsler, H; Austin, SB; and Schuckit, MA. (1998). Binge drinking: The five/four measure. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59(1): 122-124.

Wechsler, H; Davenport, A; Dowdall, G; Moeykens, B; and Castillo, S. (1994). Health and behavioral consequences of binge drinking in college: a national survey of students at 100 campuses. Journal of the American Medical Association 272(21): 1672-1676.

Wechsler, H; Dowdall, GW; Maenner, G; Gledhill-Hoyt, J; and Lee, H. (1998). Changes in binge drinking and related problems among American college students between 1993 and 1997: Results of the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study. Journal of American College Health 47(9): 57-68.

Wechsler, H; Kelley, K; Weitzman, ER; San Giovanni, JP; and Seibring, M. (2000). What colleges are doing about student binge drinking: A survey of college administrators. Journal of American College Health 48: 219-226.

Wechsler, H and Kuo, M. (2000). College students define binge drinking and estimate its prevalence: Results of a national survey. Journal of American College Health 49(2): 57-64.

Wechsler, H; Kuo, M; Lee, H; and Dowdall, GW. (2000). Environmental correlates of underage alcohol use and related problems of college students. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 19(1): 4-29.

Wechsler, H; Lee, JE; Kuo, M; and Lee, H. (2000). College binge drinking in the 1990s: A continuing problem. Results of the Harvard School of Public Health 1999 College Alcohol Study. Journal of American College Health 48: 199-210.

Wechsler, H; Molnar, BE; Davenport, AE; and Baer, JS. (1999). College alcohol use: A full or empty glass? Journal of American College Health 47(6): 247-252.

Wells, JK; Greene, MA; Foss, RD; Ferguson, SA; and Williams, AF. (1997). Drinking drivers missed at sobriety checkpoints. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58(5): 513-517.

Wells, JK; Preusser, DF; and Williams, AF. (1992). Enforcing alcohol-impaired driving and seat belt use laws, Binghampton, NY. Journal of Safety Research 23(2): 63-71.

West, R; Wilding, J; French, D; Kemp, R; and Irving, A. (1993). Effect of low and moderate doses of alcohol on driving hazard perception latency and driving speed. Addiction 88(4): 527-532.

Whetten-Goldstein, K; Sloan, FA; Stout, E; and Liang, L. (2000). Civil liability, criminal law, and other policies and alcohol-related motor vehicle fatalities in the United States: 1984-1995. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32(6): 723-733.

Wieczorek, WF. (1992). Treatment histories of severe DWI offenders. In: Proceedings of the Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety Conference. 1992. Cologne, Germany: Vertag TUV Rheinland GmbH.

Wieczorek, WF and Miller, BA. (1992). Preliminary typology designed for treatment matching of driving-while-intoxicated offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60(5): 757-765.

Wieczorek, WF; Miller, BA; and Nochajski, TH. (1990). Alcohol diagnoses among DWI offenders. In: The problem-drinker driver project. Research note 90-6. Albany, New York: New York State Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse.

Wieczorek, WF; Miller, BA; and Nochajski, TH. (1991). Multiple location drinking and problem behavior among DWI offenders: A replication. In: The problem-drinker driver project. Research Note 91-2. Albany, New York: New York State Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse.

Wieczorek, WF; Miller, BA; and Nochajski, TH. (1991). Screening of DWI offenders: needs and prospects. In: The problem-drinker driver project. Research note 91-4. Albany, New York: New York State Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse.

Wild, JM; Betts, TA; and Shaw, DE. (1990). The influence of a social dose of alcohol on the central visual field. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 34: 291-297.

Wild, TC; Newton-Taylor, B; Ogborne, AC; Mann, R; Erickson, P; and Macdonald, S. (2001). Attitudes toward compulsory substance abuse treatment: A comparison of the public, counselors, probationers and judges' views. Drugs-Education Prevention and Policy 8(1): 33-45.

Wiliszowski, CH; Jones, RK; and Lacey, JH. (1999). Conviction rate procedures. DOT HS 089 970. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Wiliszowski, CH; Lacey, JH; Jones, RK; Marchetti, LM; and Smith, EJ. (1998). Develop and test messages to deter drinking and driving. DOT HS 808 726. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Saety Administration.

Williams, AF and Wells, JK. (1993). Factors associated with high blood alcohol concentrations among fatally injured drivers in the United States. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving 9(2): 87-96.

Willner, P; Hart, K; Binmore, J; Cavendish, M; and Dunphy, E. (2000). Alcohol sales to underage adolescents: an unobtrusive observational field study and evaluation of a police intervention. Addiction 95(9): 1373-1388.

Wodarski, JS and Bordnick, PS. (1994). Teaching adolescents about alcohol and driving: a 2-year follow-up study. Research on Social Work Practice 4(1): 28-39.

Yates, BA and Dowrick, PW. (1991). Stop the drinking driver: a behavioral school-based prevention program. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 36(2): 12-19.

Yersin, B; Wyss, D; Koehn, V; Rivier, L; Gujer, HR; Paccaud, F; and Magnenat, P. (1992). Detrimental effect of alcohol intoxication on severity of injuries in male traffic accident victims - a cross-sectional study. Sozial-und Praventivmedizin 37(3): 118-123.

Yu, J. (2000). Punishment and alcohol problems - Recidivism among drinking-driving offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice 28(4): 261-270.

Yu, J and Williford, WR. (1993). Alcohol and risk/sensation seeking - specifying a causal model on high-risk driving. Journal of Addictive Diseases 12(1): 79-96.

Zador, PL. (1991). Alcohol-related relative risk of fatal driver injuries in relation to driver age and sex. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52(4): 302-310.

Zwerling, C and Jones, M. (1999). Evaluation of the effectiveness of low blood alcohol concentration laws for younger drivers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 16(1S): 76-80.

Return to Contents