IX. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Section 1(b) II of Executive Order 12866 Regulatory Planning and Review requires the agencies to take into account to the extent practicable "the costs of cumulative regulations". To adhere to this requirement, the agency has decided to examine both the costs and benefits by vehicle type of all substantial final rules with a cost or benefit impact effective from MY 1990 or later. In addition, proposed rules are also identified and preliminary cost and benefit estimates provided.
Costs include primary cost, secondary weight costs and the lifetime discounted fuel costs for both primary and secondary weight. Costs will be presented in two ways, the cost per affected vehicle and the average cost over all vehicles. The cost per affected vehicle includes the range of costs that any vehicle might incur. For example, if two different vehicles need different countermeasures to meet the standard, a range will show the cost for both vehicles. The average cost over all vehicles takes into account voluntary compliance before the rule was promulgated or planned voluntary compliance before the rule was effective and the percent of the fleet for which the rule is applicable. Costs are provided in 2000 dollars, using the implicit GNP deflator to inflate previous estimates to 2000 dollars.
Benefits are provided on an annual basis for the fleet once all vehicles in the fleet meet the rule. Benefit and cost per average vehicle estimates take into account voluntary compliance.
Table IX-1
COSTS OF RECENT PASSENGER CAR RULEMAKINGS
(Includes Secondary Weight and Fuel Impacts)
(2000 Dollars)
| Description | Effective Model Year | Cost Per Affected Vehicle $ |
Cost Per Average Vehicle $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| FMVSS 114, Key Locking System to Prevent Child-Caused Rollaway | 1993 | $9.44 - 19.58 | $0.53 - 1.08 |
| FMVSS 214, Dynamic Side Impact Test | 1994 - 10% phase-in 1995 - 25% 1996 - 40% 1997 - 100% |
$69.06 - 672.59 | $62.52 |
| FMVSS 208, Locking Latch Plate for Child Restraints | 1996 | $0.89 - 17.93 | $2.40 |
| FMVSS 208, Belt Fit | 1998 | $3.41 - 17.09 | $1.26 - 1.82 |
| FMVSS 208, Air Bags Required | 1997 - 95% 1998 - 100 |
$503.50 - 608.39 | $503.50 - 608.39 |
| FMVSS 201, Upper Interior Head Protection | 1999 - 10% 2000 - 25% 2001 - 40% 2002 - 70% 2003 - 100% |
$37.76 | $37.76 |
| FMVSS 225, Child Restraint Anchorage Systems | 2001 - 20% 2002 - 50% 2003 - 100% |
$3.01 - $7.08 | $6.07 |
| FMVSS 208, Advanced Air Bags | two phases 2003 to 2010 |
$24.15 to 134.40 | Depends on method chosen to comply |
Table IX-2
BENEFITS OF RECENT PASSENGER CAR RULEMAKINGS
(Annual benefits when all vehicles meet the standard)
| Description | Fatalities Prevented | Injuries Reduced | Property Damage Savings $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| FMVSS 114, Key Locking System to Prevent Child Caused Rollaway | None | 50-99 Injuries | Not Estimated |
| FMVSS 214, Dynamic Side Impact Test | 512 | 2,626 AIS 2-5 | None |
| FMVSS 208, Locking Latch Plate for Child Restraints | Not estimated | Not estimated | None |
| FMVSS 208, Air Bags Required Compared to 12.5% Usage in 1983 Compared to 46.1% Usage in 1991 |
4,570 - 9,110 2,842 - 4,505 |
AIS 2-5 85,930 - 155,090 63,000 - 105,000 |
None |
| FMVSS 201, Upper Interior Head Protection | 575 - 711 | 251 - 465 AIS 2-5 | None |
| FMVSS 225, Child Restraint Anchorage Systems - Benefits include changes to Child Restraints in FMVSS 213 | 36 to 50* | 1,231 to 2,929* | None |
| FMVSS 208, Advanced Air Bags | 117 to 215** | 584 to 1,043 AIS 2-5** | Up to $85 per vehicle* |
* Total benefits for passenger cars and light trucks
** Total benefits for passenger cars and light trucks, does not count potential loss in benefits if air bags are
significantly depowered.
Table IX-3
COSTS OF PROPOSED PASSENGER CAR RULES
(Includes Secondary Weight and Fuel Impacts)
(2000 Dollars)
| Description | Effective Model Year | Cost Per Affected Vehicle $ |
Cost Per Average Vehicle $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| FMVSS 301, Fuel Tank Integrity Upgrade | TBD - first model year starting 3 years after final rule | $5.00 | $2.30 |
| FMVSS 202, Head Restraint Upgrade | TBD - first model year starting 3 years after final rule | $8.10 to $17.15 | $10.70 |
Table IX-4
BENEFITS OF PROPOSED PASSENGER CAR RULES
(Annual benefits when all vehicles meet the standard)
| Description | Fatalities Prevented | Injuries Reduced | Property Damage Savings $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| FMVSS 301, Fuel Tank Integrity Upgrade | 4 to 11 | none | none |
| FMVSS 202, Head Restraint Upgrade | none | 12,395 | None |
* Total benefits for passenger cars and light trucks
** Total benefits for passenger cars and light trucks, does not count potential loss in benefits if air bags are
significantly depowered.
Table IX-5
COSTS OF RECENT LIGHT TRUCK RULEMAKINGS
(Includes Secondary Weight and Fuel Impacts)
(2000 Dollars)
| Description | Effective Model Year |
Cost Per Affected Vehicle $ |
Cost Per Average Vehicle $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| FMVSS 202, Head Restraints | 1992 | $46.87 - 113.70 | $5.54 |
| FMVSS 204, Steering Wheel Rearward Displacement for 4,000 to 5,500 lbs. unloaded | 1992 | $6.05 - 29.95 | $1.07 - 2.03 |
| FMVSS 208, Rear Seat Lap/Shoulder Belts | 1992 | $69.25 | $0.41 |
| FMVSS 114, Key Locking System to Prevent Child- Caused Rollaway | 1993 | $9.44 - 19.58 | $0.01 - 0.03 |
| FMVSS 208, Locking Latch Plate for Child Restraints | 1996 | $0.89 - 17.92 | $2.40 |
| FMVSS 108, Center High-Mounted Stop Lamp | 1994 | $15.06 - 22.76 | $15.53 |
| FMVSS 214, Quasi-Static Test (side door beams) | 1994 - 90% 1995 - 100 |
$67.38 - 84.50 | $62.45 - 78.45 |
| FMVSS 216, Roof Crush for 6,000 lbs. GVWR or less | 1995 | $24.81 - 222.65 | $0.89 - 8.82 |
| FMVSS 208, Belt Fit | 1998 | $3.77 - 17.83 | $6.44 - 8.68 |
| FMVSS 208, Air Bags Required | 1998 - 90% 1999 - 100 |
$503.50 - 608.39 dual air bags | $503.50 - 608.39 dual air bags |
| FMVSS 201, Upper Interior Head Protection | 1999 - 10% 2000 - 25% 2002 - 70% 2003 - 100% |
$37.40 - 81.90 | $57.72 |
| FMVSS 225, Child Restraint Anchorage Systems | 2001 - 20% 2002 - 50% 2003 - 100% |
$3.01 - $7.08 | $6.07 |
| FMVSS 208, Advanced Air Bags | two phases 2003 to 2010 |
$24.15 to 134.40 | Depends on method chosen to comply |
Table IX-6
BENEFITS OF RECENT LIGHT TRUCK RULEMAKINGS
(Annual benefits when all vehicles meet the standard)
| Description | Fatalities Prevented | Injuries Reduced | Property Damage Savings $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| FMVSS 202, Head Restraints | None | 470 - 835 AIS 1 20 - 35 AIS 2 |
None |
| FMVSS 204, Steering Wheel Rearward Displacement for 4,000 to 5,500 lbs. Unloaded | 12 - 23 | 146 - 275 AIS 2-5 | None |
| FMVSS 208, Rear Seat Lap/Shoulder Belts | None | 2 AIS 2-5 | None |
| FMVSS 114, Key Locking System to Prevent Child Caused Rollaway | None | 1 Injury | Not Estimated |
| FMVSS 208, Locking Latch Plate for Child Restraint | Not estimated | Not estimated | None |
| FMVSS 108, Center High Mounted Stop Lamp | None | 19,200 to 27,400 Any AIS Level | $119 to 164 Million |
| FMVSS 214, Quasi-Static Test (side door beams) | 58 - 82 | 1,569 to 1,889 hospitalizations |
None |
| FMVSS 216, Roof Crush for 6,000 lbs. GVWR or less | 2 - 5 | 25-54 AIS 2-5 | None |
| FMVSS 208, Belt Fit | 9 | 102 AIS 2-5 | None |
| FMVSS 208, Air Bags Required Compared to 27.3% Usage in 1991 |
1,082 - 2,000 | 21,000 - 29,000 AIS 2-5 |
None |
| FMVSS 201, Upper Interior Head Protection | 298 - 334 | 303 - 424 | None |
| FMVSS 225, Child Restraint Anchorage Systems - Benefits include changes to Child Restraints in FMVSS 213 | 36 to 50* | 1,231 to 2,929* | None |
| FMVSS 208, Advanced Air Bags | 117 to 215** | 584 to 1,043 AIS 2-5** | Up to $85 per vehicle* |
* Total benefits for passenger cars and light trucks
** Total benefits for passenger cars and light trucks, does not count potential loss in benefits if air bags are
significantly depowered.
Table IX-7
COSTS OF PROPOSED LIGHT TRUCK RULES
(Includes Secondary Weight and Fuel Impacts)
(2000 Dollars)
| Description | Effective Model Year |
Cost Per Affected Vehicle $ |
Cost Per Average Vehicle $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| FMVSS 301, Fuel Tank Integrity Upgrade | TBD - 3 years after final rule | $5.00 | $2.30 |
| FMVSS 202, Head Restraint Upgrade | TBD - | $8.10 to $17.15 | $10.70 |
Table IX-8
BENEFITS OF PROPOSED LIGHT TRUCK RULES
(Annual benefits when all vehicles meet the standard)
| Description | Fatalities Prevented | Injuries Reduced | Property Damage Savings $ |
|---|---|---|---|
| FMVSS 301, Fuel Tank Integrity Upgrade | 4 to 10 | none | none |
| FMVSS 202, Head Restraint Upgrade | none | 1,852 | None |